{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T19:43:57Z","timestamp":1789069437795,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"HHS | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01HD100022-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01HD100022-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"HHS | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3R01HD100022-02S2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3R01HD100022-02S2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1U19AI167899-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U19AI167899-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000893","name":"Simons Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["870754"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["870754"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000893","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"HHS | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1K12HD103096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1K12HD103096"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Widespread SARS-CoV-2 infection among pregnant individuals has led to a generation of fetuses exposed in utero, but the long-term impact of such exposure remains unknown. Although fetal infection is rare, children born to mothers with SARS-CoV-2 infection may be at increased risk for adverse neurodevelopmental and cardiometabolic outcomes. Fetal programming effects are likely to be mediated at least in part by maternal immune activation. In this review, we discuss recent evidence regarding the effects of prenatal SARS-CoV-2 infection on the maternal, placental, and fetal immune response, as well as the implications for the long-term health of offspring. Extrapolating from what is known about the impact of maternal immune activation in other contexts (e.g., obesity, HIV, influenza), we review the potential for neurodevelopmental and cardiometabolic morbidity in offspring. Based on available data suggesting potential increased neurodevelopmental risk, we highlight the importance of establishing large cohorts to monitor offspring born to SARS-CoV-2\u2013positive mothers for neurodevelopmental and cardiometabolic sequelae.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2200414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T17:40:21Z","timestamp":1666287621000},"page":"1465-1473","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Pregnancy: Implications for the Health of the Next Generation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"209","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5859-8610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lydia L","family":"Shook","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA"},{"name":"Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay T","family":"Fourman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea G","family":"Edlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA"},{"name":"Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025021008344256000_r1","article-title":"Data on COVID-19 during pregnancy: severity of maternal illness","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"2025021008344256000_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7113e1","article-title":"Use of at-home COVID-19 tests\u2014United States, August 23, 2021\u2013March 12, 2022","volume":"71","author":"Rader","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. 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