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However, in immunocompromised hosts with global defects in T cell function, this infection can result in chronic, life-threatening disease. In addition, there is a subset of individuals with primary immunodeficiencies associated with increased risk for life-threatening cryptosporidiosis. These patients highlight MHC class II expression, CD40\u2013CD40L interactions, NF-\u03baB signaling, and IL-21 as key host factors required for resistance to this enteric pathogen. Understanding which immune deficiencies do (or do not) lead to increased risk for severe Cryptosporidium may reveal mechanisms of parasite restriction and aid in the identification of novel strategies to manage this common pathogen in immunocompetent and deficient hosts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2200512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T05:04:26Z","timestamp":1672722266000},"page":"2261-2268","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Immunity to <i>Cryptosporidium<\/i>: Lessons from Acquired and Primary Immunodeficiencies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"209","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2286-4646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian S","family":"Cohn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5569-4132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah E","family":"Henrickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA"},{"name":"Division of Allergy Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7426-432X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boris","family":"Striepen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher A","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025021008445300200_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra013170","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis","volume":"346","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. 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