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The metabolic environment critically impacts the outcome of immune responses and likely impacts autoimmune and allergic responses. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the main metabolites produced by microbial fermentation in the gut. Given the high concentration of SCFAs in the gut and portal vein and their broad immune regulatory functions, SCFAs significantly influence immune tolerance and gut\u2013liver immunity. Alterations of SCFA-producing bacteria and SCFAs have been identified in a multitude of inflammatory diseases. These data have particular significance in primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and autoimmune hepatitis because of the close proximity of the liver to the gut. In this focused review, we provide an update on the immunologic consequences of SCFA-producing microbiota and in particular on three dominant SCFAs in autoimmune liver diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2300016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T21:03:07Z","timestamp":1684184587000},"page":"1629-1639","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Immunomodulatory Effects of Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Autoimmune Liver Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"210","author":[{"given":"Weici","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis , CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6338-7340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles R","family":"Mackay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University , Clayton, Melbourne,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5245-2680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M Eric","family":"Gershwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis , CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025021008063364700_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.2174\/1389203716666150630133657","article-title":"Metabolites of dietary protein and peptides by intestinal microbes and their impacts on gut","volume":"16","author":"Fan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. 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