{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T18:48:52Z","timestamp":1777661332245,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Tm) causes severe foodborne diseases. Interestingly, gut microbial tryptophan (Trp) metabolism plays a pivotal role in such infections by a yet unknown mechanism. This study aimed to explore the impact of Trp metabolism on S. Tm infection and the possible mechanisms involved. S. Tm\u2013infected C57BL6\/J mice were used to demonstrate the therapeutic benefits of the Bacillus velezensis JT3-1 (B. velezensis\/JT3-1) strain or its cell-free supernatant in enhancing Trp metabolism. Targeted Trp metabolomic analyses indicated the predominance of indole-3-lactic acid (ILA), an indole derivative and ligand for aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Based on the 16S amplicon sequencing and correlation analysis of metabolites, we found that B. velezensis supported the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Ligilactobacillus in mouse gut and showed positive correlations with ILA levels. Moreover, AHR and its downstream genes (especially IL-22) significantly increased in mouse colons after B. velezensis or cell-free supernatant treatment, suggesting the importance of AHR pathway activation. In addition, ILA was found to stimulate primary mouse macrophages to secrete IL-22, which was antagonized by CH-223191. Furthermore, ILA could protect mice from S. Tm infection by increasing IL-22 in Ahr+\/\u2212 mice, but not in Ahr\u2212\/\u2212 mice. Finally, Trp-rich feeding showed amelioration of S. Tm infection in mice, and the effect depended on gut microbiota. Taken together, these results suggest that B. velezensis\u2013associated ILA contributes to protecting mice against S. Tm infection by activating the AHR\/IL-22 pathway. This study provides insights into the involvement of microbiota-derived Trp catabolites in protecting against Salmonella infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2300090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T14:48:22Z","timestamp":1701269302000},"page":"57-68","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Microbial Tryptophan Metabolite Contributes to the Remission of <i>Salmonella typhimurium<\/i> Infection in Mice"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"212","author":[{"given":"Yingying","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou, Gansu ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi 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Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou, Gansu ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7371-1637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences , Yinchuan, Ningxia ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junlong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou, Gansu ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and 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Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou, Gansu ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, Jiangsu ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou, Gansu ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, Jiangsu 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