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MAIT cells are known for MR1 (MHC class I\u2013related protein 1)-restricted recognition of microbial riboflavin metabolites giving them the capacity to respond to a broad range of microbes. However, recent progress has shown that MAIT cells can also respond to several viral infections in humans and in mouse models, ranging from HIV-1 and hepatitis viruses to influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2, in a primarily cognate Ag-independent manner. Depending on the disease context MAIT cells can provide direct or indirect antiviral protection for the host and may help recruit other immune cells, but they may also in some circumstances amplify inflammation and aggravate immunopathology. Furthermore, chronic viral infections are associated with varying degrees of functional and numerical MAIT cell impairment, suggesting secondary consequences for host defense. In this review, we summarize recent progress and highlight outstanding questions regarding the emerging role of MAIT cells in antiviral immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2300147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T21:10:03Z","timestamp":1691442603000},"page":"511-517","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["The Emerging Role of MAIT Cell Responses in Viral Infections"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"211","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6275-0750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan K","family":"Sandberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm ,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin","family":"Leeansyah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Precision Medicine and Healthcare Research Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3905-4877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael A","family":"Eller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7067-732X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara L","family":"Shacklett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis , Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1407-3414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominic","family":"Paquin-Proulx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, MD"},{"name":"Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine , Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025020406065690500_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3298","article-title":"The burgeoning family of unconventional T cells. [Published errata appear in 2016 Nat. Immunol. 17: 214 and 17: 469.]","volume":"16","author":"Godfrey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. 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