{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T22:35:37Z","timestamp":1787783737679,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Government | Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["143220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["143220"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Government | Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["184713"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["184713"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000015","name":"CCS | Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["706152"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["706152"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000015","name":"Wolfond Immunotherapy Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>NK cells have been shown to exhibit inflammatory and immunoregulatory functions in a variety of healthy and diseased settings. In the context of chronic viral infection and cancer, distinct NK cell populations that inhibit adaptive immune responses have been observed. To understand how these cells arise and further characterize their immunosuppressive role, we examined in vitro conditions that could polarize human NK cells into an inhibitory subset. TGF-\u03b21 has been shown to induce regulatory T cells in vitro and in vivo; we therefore investigated if TGF-\u03b21 could also induce immunosuppressive NK-like cells. First, we found that TGF-\u03b21\/IL-15, but not IL-15 alone, induced CD103+CD49a+ NK-like cells from peripheral blood NK cells, which expressed markers previously associated with inhibitory CD56+ innate lymphoid cells, including high expression of GITR and CD101. Moreover, supernatant from ascites collected from patients with ovarian carcinoma also induced CD103+CD49a+ NK-like cells in vitro in a TGF-\u03b2\u2013dependent manner. Interestingly, TGF-\u03b21\/IL-15\u2013induced CD103+CD56+ NK-like cells suppressed autologous CD4+ T cells in vitro by reducing absolute number, proliferation, and expression of activation marker CD25. Collectively, these findings provide new insight into how NK cells may acquire an inhibitory phenotype in TGF-\u03b21\u2013rich environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2300834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T14:29:43Z","timestamp":1714141783000},"page":"1904-1912","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Generation of an Inhibitory NK Cell Subset by TGF-\u03b21\/IL-15 Polarization"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"212","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7971-3051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas C","family":"Chung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Tumour Immunotherapy Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network , Toronto, ON ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2447-0685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos R","family":"Garcia-Batres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tumour Immunotherapy Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network , Toronto, ON ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8640-7148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas G","family":"Millar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tumour Immunotherapy Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network , Toronto, ON ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie W Y","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Tumour Immunotherapy Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network , Toronto, ON ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alisha R","family":"Elford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tumour Immunotherapy Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network , Toronto, ON ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2926-8222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica A","family":"Mathews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, ON ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network , Toronto, ON ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben X","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tumour Immunotherapy Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network , Toronto, ON ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3470-1318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linh T","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tumour Immunotherapy Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network , Toronto, ON ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia A","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network , Toronto, ON ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blaise A","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network , Toronto, ON ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7022-8308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus Q","family":"Bernardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network , Toronto, ON ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian G","family":"Sacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology & Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network , Toronto, ON ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5117-7453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah Q","family":"Crome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, ON ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network , Toronto, ON ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2915-9317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pamela S","family":"Ohashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Tumour Immunotherapy Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network , Toronto, ON 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