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Single-cell transcriptomic profiling was used to ascertain the heterogeneity of AHR expression in human B cell subpopulations. We identified a unique population of B cells marked by expression of AHR, CD9, and myeloid genes such as CD14 and CXCL8. Results were confirmed directly in human PBMCs and purified B cells at the protein level. TLR9 signaling induced CD14, CD9, and IL-8 protein expression in CD19+ B cells. CD14-expressing CD9+ B cells also highly expressed AHR and atypical B cell markers such as CD11c and TBET. In patients with active lupus disease, CD14+ and CD9+ B cells are dysregulated, with loss of CD9+ B cells strongly predicting disease severity and demonstrating the relevance of CD9+ B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus and autoimmune disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2400193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T13:52:37Z","timestamp":1725025957000},"page":"1076-1092","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["CD9 and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Are Markers of Human CD19+CD14+ Atypical B Cells and Are Dysregulated in Systemic Lupus Erythematous Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"213","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8911-8843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lance K","family":"Blevins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8314-3634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D M Isha Olive","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert B","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"O\u2019Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist School of Medicine , Winston Salem, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7571-4257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony P","family":"Bach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7149-2382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiajun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peer W","family":"Karmaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences , Research Triangle Park, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4161-5688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dennis C","family":"Ang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist School of Medicine , Winston Salem, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5232-0300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rupak","family":"Thapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist School of Medicine , Winston Salem, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2144-428X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norbert E","family":"Kaminski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI"},{"name":"Center for Research on Ingredient Safety, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025020609280661800_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/205143a0","article-title":"Delineation of the thymic and bursal lymphoid systems in the chicken","volume":"205","author":"Cooper","year":"1965","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025020609280661800_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.58.1.1","article-title":"The plasma cellular reaction and its relation to the formation of antibodies in vitro","volume":"58","author":"Fagraeus","year":"1948","journal-title":"J. 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