{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T17:13:26Z","timestamp":1793726006830,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI150664"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI150664"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI162698"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI162698"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"HHS | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01HL145324"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01HL145324"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The expansion of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells correlates with disease progression in human and murine systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Unfortunately, there are no therapies to deplete Tfh cells. Importantly, low-dose rIL-2\u2013based immunotherapy shows potent immunosuppressive effects in SLE patients and lupus-prone mice, primarily attributed to the expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs). However, IL-2 can also inhibit Tfh cell differentiation. In this study, we investigate the potential of low-dose rIL-2 to deplete Tfh cells and prevent autoantibody responses in SLE. Our data demonstrate that low-dose rIL-2 efficiently depletes autoreactive Tfh cells and prevents autoantibody responses in lupus-prone mice. Importantly, this immunosuppressive effect was independent of the presence of Tregs. The therapeutic potential of eliminating Tfh cells was confirmed by selectively deleting Tfh cells in lupus-prone mice. Our findings demonstrate the critical role of Tfh cells in promoting autoantibody responses and unveil, (to our knowledge), a novel Treg-independent immunosuppressive function of IL-2 in SLE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2400264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T14:06:20Z","timestamp":1724853980000},"page":"1053-1060","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Cutting Edge: Low-dose Recombinant IL-2 Treatment Prevents Autoantibody Responses in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus via Regulatory T Cell\u2013independent Depletion of T Follicular Helper Cells"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"213","author":[{"given":"Silvia","family":"Santana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber","family":"Papillion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6621-6096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy B","family":"Foote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4368-1734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holly","family":"Bachus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3793-3854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2323-3670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"De Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4833-593X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Ballesteros-Tato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025020609275596700_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1801150","article-title":"Dysregulation of T follicular helper cells in lupus","volume":"202","author":"Mountz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2016.78","article-title":"Germinal centers and autoimmune disease in humans and mice","volume":"94","author":"DeFranco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.11.006","article-title":"Germinal center and extrafollicular B cell responses in vaccination, immunity, and autoimmunity","volume":"53","author":"Elsner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12741","article-title":"Extrafollicular responses in humans and SLE","volume":"288","author":"Jenks","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.08.015","article-title":"Distinct effector B cells induced by unregulated Toll-like receptor 7 contribute to pathogenic responses in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"49","author":"Jenks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.12.005","article-title":"Distinct effector B cells induced by unregulated Toll-like receptor 7 contribute to pathogenic responses in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"52","author":"Jenks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1303000","article-title":"Activation of rheumatoid factor-specific B cells is antigen dependent and occurs preferentially outside of germinal centers in the lupus-prone NZM2410 mouse model","volume":"193","author":"Sang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.11.1799","article-title":"MRL-lpr\/lpr mice exhibit a defect in maintaining developmental arrest and follicular exclusion of anti-double-stranded DNA B cells","volume":"189","author":"Mandik-Nayak","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3175","article-title":"Diversity, cellular origin and autoreactivity of antibody-secreting cell population expansions in acute systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"16","author":"Tipton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20080840","article-title":"ICOS-dependent extrafollicular helper T cells elicit IgG production via IL-21 in systemic autoimmunity","volume":"205","author":"Odegard","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/1074-7613(95)90179-5","article-title":"Anatomy of autoantibody production: dominant localization of antibody-producing cells to T cell zones in Fas-deficient mice","volume":"3","author":"Jacobson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6879","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.11.6879","article-title":"Short-lived plasmablasts dominate the early spontaneous rheumatoid factor response: differentiation pathways, hypermutating cell types, and affinity maturation outside the germinal center","volume":"174","author":"William","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3339","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200737752","article-title":"Anti-chromatin antibodies drive in vivo antigen-specific activation and somatic hypermutation of rheumatoid factor B cells at extrafollicular sites","volume":"37","author":"Herlands","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.3109\/08916930903567500","article-title":"A new site-directed transgenic rheumatoid factor mouse model demonstrates extrafollicular class switch and plasmablast formation","volume":"43","author":"Sweet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1002\/art.25032","article-title":"Expansion of circulating T cells resembling follicular helper T cells is a fixed phenotype that identifies a subset of severe systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"62","author":"Simpson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis. Rheum."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39020","article-title":"Circulating follicular helper-like T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus: association with disease activity","volume":"67","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203314567750","article-title":"Circulating CXCR5+CD4+helper T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus patients share phenotypic properties with germinal center follicular helper T cells and promote antibody production","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00693-5","article-title":"The link between circulating follicular helper T cells and autoimmunity","volume":"22","author":"Walker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.090194","article-title":"Interleukin 6 (IL-6) deficiency delays lupus nephritis in MRL-Faslpr mice: the IL-6 pathway as a new therapeutic target in treatment of autoimmune kidney disease in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"37","author":"Cash","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.04.011","article-title":"T follicular helper cell biology: a decade of discovery and diseases","volume":"50","author":"Crotty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.06.009","article-title":"T cell-independent and toll-like receptor-dependent antigen-driven activation of autoreactive B cells","volume":"29","author":"Herlands","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7770","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.11.7770","article-title":"T cell-independent spontaneous loss of tolerance by anti-double-stranded DNA B cells in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"181","author":"Tsao","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20062567","article-title":"BAFF and MyD88 signals promote a lupuslike disease independent of T cells","volume":"204","author":"Groom","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.171.1.265","article-title":"Anti-DNA antibodies from autoimmune mice arise by clonal expansion and somatic mutation","volume":"171","author":"Shlomchik","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3109\/08916934.2012.748751","article-title":"The role of somatic hypermutation in the generation of pathogenic antibodies in SLE","volume":"46","author":"Schroeder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1073924","article-title":"Evolution of autoantibody responses via somatic hypermutation outside of germinal centers","volume":"297","author":"William","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20102065","article-title":"B cell priming for extrafollicular antibody responses requires Bcl-6 expression by T cells","volume":"208","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7932","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1018571108","article-title":"Facultative role for T cells in extrafollicular Toll-like receptor-dependent autoreactive B-cell responses in vivo","volume":"108","author":"Sweet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03750-7","article-title":"IL-21 drives expansion and plasma cell differentiation of autoreactive CD11c(hi)T-bet(+) B cells in SLE","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000206","article-title":"CD11c(+) T-bet(+) B cells require IL-21 and IFN-\u03b3 from type 1 T follicular helper cells and intrinsic Bcl-6 expression but develop normally in the absence of T-bet","volume":"205","author":"Levack","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3563","article-title":"Protective neutralizing influenza antibody response in the absence of T follicular helper cells","volume":"17","author":"Miyauchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20170457","article-title":"STAT4 and T-bet control follicular helper T cell development in viral infections","volume":"215","author":"Weinstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20810","article-title":"Pathologically expanded peripheral T helper cell subset drives B cells in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"542","author":"Rao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3823","article-title":"The promise of low-dose interleukin-2 therapy for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases","volume":"15","author":"Klatzmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.2478\/rir-2023-0021","article-title":"Low-dose interleukin-2 therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"4","author":"La Cava","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(19)30018-9","article-title":"Low-dose interleukin-2 therapy in refractory systemic lupus erythematosus: an investigator-initiated, single-centre phase 1 and 2a clinical trial","volume":"1","author":"Humrich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400977","article-title":"IL-2 protects lupus-prone mice from multiple end-organ damage by limiting CD4-CD8- IL-17-producing T cells","volume":"193","author":"Mizui","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2012.07.007","article-title":"Application of IL-2 therapy to target T regulatory cell function","volume":"33","author":"Shevach","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00680-w","article-title":"Engineering IL-2 for immunotherapy of autoimmunity and cancer","volume":"22","author":"Hernandez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxac105","article-title":"IL-2-based approaches to Treg enhancement","volume":"211","author":"Harris","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.02.012","article-title":"Interleukin-2 inhibits germinal center formation by limiting T follicular helper cell differentiation","volume":"36","author":"Ballesteros-Tato","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3495","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4495","article-title":"FoxP3+ regulatory T cells promote influenza-specific Tfh responses by controlling IL-2 availability","volume":"5","author":"Le\u00f3n","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3837","article-title":"Dynamic regulation of T follicular regulatory cell responses by interleukin 2 during influenza infection","volume":"18","author":"Botta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11234","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.324046","article-title":"STAT5 protein negatively regulates T follicular helper (Tfh) cell generation and function","volume":"287","author":"Nurieva","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw7636","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aaw7636","article-title":"Inhibition of IL-2 responsiveness by IL-6 is required for the generation of GC-T(FH) cells","volume":"4","author":"Papillion","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667342","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.667342","article-title":"The potential of harnessing IL-2-mediated immunosuppression to prevent pathogenic B cell responses","volume":"12","author":"Papillion","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2019.07.003","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of low-dose IL-2 restoration therapies in SLE","volume":"61","author":"Ballesteros-Tato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-021-02535-6","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of targeting Tfr\/Tfh cell balance by low-dose-IL-2 in active SLE: a post hoc analysis from a double-blind RCT study","volume":"23","author":"Miao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1293","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1293","article-title":"Sustained low-dose interleukin-2 therapy alleviates pathogenic humoral immunity via elevating the Tfr\/Tfh ratio in lupus","volume":"10","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Immunol."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4148","article-title":"Low-dose interleukin-2 treatment selectively modulates CD4(+) T cell subsets in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"22","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.01.001","article-title":"The many roles of FAS receptor signaling in the immune system","volume":"30","author":"Strasser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabb8087","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abb8087","article-title":"IFNAR1 signaling in NK cells promotes persistent virus infection","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0179383","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179383","article-title":"Elevated sodium leads to the increased expression of HSP60 and induces apoptosis in HUVECs","volume":"12","author":"Jakic","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63325-1","article-title":"Loss of LFA-1, but not Mac-1, protects MRL\/MpJ-Fas(lpr) mice from autoimmune disease","volume":"165","author":"Kevil","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.01.002","article-title":"Development of Tbet- and CD11c-expressing B cells in a viral infection requires T follicular helper cells outside of germinal centers","volume":"55","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.2.1375","article-title":"CD11c expression identifies a population of extrafollicular antigen-specific splenic plasmablasts responsible for CD4 T-independent antibody responses during intracellular bacterial infection","volume":"181","author":"Racine","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0188863","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188863","article-title":"Lupus nephritis progression in Fc\u03b3RIIB-\/-yaa mice is associated with early development of glomerular electron dense deposits and loss of renal DNase I in severe disease","volume":"12","author":"Horvei","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020165","article-title":"Genetic modifiers of systemic lupus erythematosus in FcgammaRIIB(-\/-) mice","volume":"195","author":"Bolland","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200838138","article-title":"Yaa autoimmune phenotypes are conferred by overexpression of TLR7","volume":"38","author":"Fairhurst","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20122798","article-title":"Overexpression of TLR7 promotes cell-intrinsic expansion and autoantibody production by transitional T1 B cells","volume":"210","author":"Giltiay","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04642-z","article-title":"TLR7 gain-of-function genetic variation causes human lupus","volume":"605","author":"Brown","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9970","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0603912103","article-title":"A Tlr7 translocation accelerates systemic autoimmunity in murine lupus","volume":"103","author":"Subramanian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1428","article-title":"Regulatory T cells prevent catastrophic autoimmunity throughout the lifespan of mice","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1208421","article-title":"Late interleukin-6 escalates T follicular helper cell responses and controls a chronic viral infection","volume":"334","author":"Harker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145573","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1145573","article-title":"T peripheral helper cells in autoimmune diseases: what do we know?","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e130062","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.130062","article-title":"PD-1hiCXCR5- T peripheral helper cells promote B cell responses in lupus via MAF and IL-21","volume":"4","author":"Bocharnikov","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201546043","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 induces the differentiation of human CXCL13-producing CD4(+) T cells","volume":"46","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3494","article-title":"Activin A programs the differentiation of human Tfh cells","volume":"17","author":"Locci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2025020609275596700_r69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-00529-z","article-title":"Shared and distinct roles of T peripheral helper and T follicular helper cells in human diseases","volume":"18","author":"Yoshitomi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/213\/8\/1053\/61501418\/ji2400264.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/213\/8\/1053\/61501418\/ji2400264.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T09:28:52Z","timestamp":1738834132000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article\/213\/8\/1053\/7961068"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.2400264","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1767","1550-6606"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1767","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-6606","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]}}}