{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T14:26:31Z","timestamp":1776263191600,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1978,9,1]],"date-time":"1978-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":273456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1978,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The designation \u201cactivated macrophage\u201d was originally introduced to describe the state of macrophages that have an enhanced ability to phagocytize microorganisms and exert antimicrobial activity. This effect was found to be dependent upon particular infections and involves the participation of lymphocytes (1, 2). \u201cActivation\u201d has a specific immunologic basis, but its expression is nonspecific. Mackaness has written lucidly about activated macrophages and has referred readers back to the concepts of Lurie in tuberculosis, and further to the fons et origo of thinking in this context, i.e., to concepts of Metchnikoff (3). The latter's oft quoted phrase regarding a \u201cperfecting of the phagocytic and digestive powers of the leukocytes\u201d might well be, broadly speaking, synonymous with \u201cactivation.\u201d Once it was determined that macrophages taken from animals at some appropriate time after infection, for example, with Listerria or Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin2 (BCG), were superior to control cells with respect to their antimicrobial powers, it was natural for inquiry to be made into the differences between such cells and normal (control) cells, in terms of their morphology, cellular chemistry, and biochemical attributes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.121.3.809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T22:33:33Z","timestamp":1672439613000},"page":"809-813","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":243,"title":["Biochemical Criteria for Activated Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Manfred L","family":"Karnovsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Chemistry, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02115"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janis K","family":"Lazdins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Chemistry, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02115"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1978,9,1]]},"container-title":["The Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/121\/3\/809\/62425645\/ji1210030809.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/121\/3\/809\/62425645\/ji1210030809.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T21:09:04Z","timestamp":1743455344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article\/121\/3\/809\/8081358"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1978,9,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1978,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.121.3.809","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1767","1550-6606"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1767","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-6606","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[1978,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[1978,9,1]]}}}