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It is a secreted protein that performs many cellular functions including control of cell growth, cell proliferation, cell differentiation and apoptosis. In the cardiovascular system, TGF-<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>1 plays pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of hypertension, restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention, atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. In addition, TGF-<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>1 has been shown to be increased in adipose tissue of obese subjects with insulin resistance. Furthermore, TGF-<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>1 is a potent initiator of proliferation of renal mesangial cells leading to chronic kidney disease. Some currently available agents can manipulate TGF-<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>1 expression leading to amelioration of cardiovascular diseases. 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