{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:55:40Z","timestamp":1791924940094,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,14]],"date-time":"2011-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1310601600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathology Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Protozoal infections, though endemic to certain regions, can be seen all around the world, because of the increase in travel and migration. In addition, immunosuppression associated with various conditions, particularly with HIV infection, favors the occurrence of more severe manifestations and failure to respond to treatments. The CNS may be the only affected system; when not, it is often the most severely affected. Despite information obtained from clinical, laboratory, and imaging procedures that help to narrow the differential diagnosis of intracranial infections, there are cases that need confirmation with biopsy or autopsy. Predominant presentations are meningoencephalitis (trypanosomiasis), encephalopathy (cerebral malaria), or as single or multiple pseudotumoral enhancing lesions (toxoplasmosis, reactivated Chagas' disease). The immune reconstitution disease, resulting from enhancement of pathogen-specific immune responses after HAART, has altered the typical presentation of toxoplasmosis and microsporidiosis. In this paper, a morphological approach for the diagnosis of protozoal infections affecting the CNS (amoebiasis, cerebral malaria, toxoplasmosis, trypanosomiasis, and microsporidiosis) is presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/290853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,8]],"date-time":"2011-08-08T12:03:42Z","timestamp":1312805022000},"page":"1-15","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["A Morphological Approach to the Diagnosis of Protozoal Infections of the Central Nervous System"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2011","author":[{"given":"Leila","family":"Chimelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-913 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"98","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/498510"},{"key":"2","volume-title":"Parasitic and fungal infections","volume":"1","year":"2008"},{"issue":"3","key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2010.05.003","volume":"27","year":"2010","journal-title":"Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/522181"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000300"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2010.00215.x"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02841850701477728"},{"key":"8","first-page":"94","volume":"165","year":"2008","journal-title":"Georgian Medical News"},{"issue":"1","key":"9","first-page":"6","volume":"103","year":"2010","journal-title":"Irish Medical Journal"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.287085135"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3282a6463d"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.09.012"},{"issue":"2","key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2010.04.004","volume":"27","year":"2010","journal-title":"Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200310000-00016"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.10.006"},{"key":"16","year":"2004"},{"key":"17","first-page":"459","volume":"56","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Association of Physicians of India"},{"issue":"10","key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/62.10.990","volume":"62","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90164-8"},{"issue":"3","key":"20","first-page":"256","volume":"19","year":"2009","journal-title":"Turkish Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1997.tb01076.x","volume":"7","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Pathology"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.2.273-307.2003"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.2008\/000976-0"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2009.02287.x"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652009000500003"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pathol.2.010506.091913"},{"issue":"4","key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.69.345","volume":"69","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70247-7"},{"issue":"4","key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3181eee738","volume":"68","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatric Research"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009991715"},{"key":"32","volume-title":"Toxoplasma gondii","year":"2005"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.21924"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.088385"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2002.00485.x"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(03)00205-1"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08820530500231961"},{"key":"38","volume-title":"Agents of African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)","year":"2005"},{"key":"39","volume-title":"Trypanosoma species (American trypanosomiasis, Chagas' disease): biology of trypanosomes","year":"2005"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(01)49038-5"},{"issue":"14","key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009991806","volume":"137","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2009.12.001"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(93)90502-H"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01612.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1997.tb01077.x","volume":"7","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Pathology"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2009.04.012"},{"key":"47","first-page":"85","volume":"68","year":"1981","journal-title":"La Prensa Medica Argentina"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70088-X"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.02.004"},{"issue":"11","key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2007.07.043","volume":"26","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2007.12.007"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000177866.13451.e4"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.4.516"},{"issue":"3","key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/21.3.551","volume":"21","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822005000100010","volume":"38","year":"2005","journal-title":"Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical"},{"issue":"6","key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822004000600011","volume":"37","year":"2004","journal-title":"Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical"},{"key":"57","volume-title":"Microsporidiosis","year":"2005"},{"issue":"6","key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.661","volume":"68","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"}],"container-title":["Pathology Research International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/archive\/2011\/290853.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/archive\/2011\/290853.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/archive\/2011\/290853.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]],"date-time":"2020-12-09T04:18:09Z","timestamp":1607487489000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/pri\/2011\/290853\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,14]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["290853","290853"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4061\/2011\/290853","relation":{},"ISSN":["2042-003X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2042-003X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,14]]}}}