{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T08:46:42Z","timestamp":1792313202043,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]],"date-time":"2011-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1293840000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis, a List B disease of World Organization for Animal Health, caused by<jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>or<jats:italic>M. genavense<\/jats:italic>predominantly affects poultry and pet or captive birds. Clinical manifestations in birds include emaciation, depression and diarrhea along with marked atrophy of breast muscle. Unlike tuberculosis in animals and man, lesions in lungs are rare. Tubercular nodules can be seen in liver, spleen, intestine and bone marrow. Granulomatous lesion without calcification is a prominent feature. The disease is a rarity in organized poultry sector due to improved farm practices, but occurs in zoo aviaries. Molecular techniques like polymerase chain reaction combined with restriction fragment length polymorphism and gene probes aid in rapid identification and characterization of mycobacteria subspecies, and overcome disadvantages of conventional methods which are slow, labour intensive and may at times fail to produce precise results.<jats:italic>M. avium subsp. avium<\/jats:italic>with genotype<jats:italic>IS901<\/jats:italic>+ and<jats:italic>IS1245<\/jats:italic>+ causes infections in animals and human beings too. The bacterium causes sensitivity in cattle to the tuberculin test. The paper discusses in brief the<jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>infection in birds, its importance in a zoonotic perspective, and outlines conventional and novel strategies for its diagnosis, prevention and eradication in domestic\/pet birds and humans alike.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/712369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,4]],"date-time":"2011-07-04T21:55:16Z","timestamp":1309816516000},"page":"1-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Tuberculosis in Birds: Insights into the<i>Mycobacterium avium<\/i>Infections"],"prefix":"10.4061","volume":"2011","author":[{"given":"Kuldeep","family":"Dhama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar 243 122, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahesh","family":"Mahendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avian Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, 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