{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:29:10Z","timestamp":1791350950278,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]],"date-time":"2011-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1293840000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parkinson's Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common disorder of middle-aged and elderly people in which degeneration of the extrapyramidal motor system causes significant movement problems. In some patients, however, there are additional disturbances in sensory systems including loss of the sense of smell and auditory and\/or visual problems. This paper is a general overview of the visual problems likely to be encountered in PD. Changes in vision in PD may result from alterations in visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, colour discrimination, pupil reactivity, eye movements, motion perception, visual field sensitivity, and visual processing speeds. Slower visual processing speeds can also lead to a decline in visual perception especially for rapidly changing visual stimuli. In addition, there may be disturbances of visuospatial orientation, facial recognition problems, and chronic visual hallucinations. Some of the treatments used in PD may also have adverse ocular reactions. The pattern electroretinogram (PERG) is useful in evaluating retinal dopamine mechanisms and in monitoring dopamine therapies in PD. If visual problems are present, they can have an important effect on the quality of life of the patient, which can be improved by accurate diagnosis and where possible, correction of such defects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/908306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,25]],"date-time":"2011-05-25T17:33:18Z","timestamp":1306344798000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Visual Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2011","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5046-3199","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"R. A.","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vision Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","first-page":"147","volume":"5","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clinical Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"2","first-page":"S9","volume":"17","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2007.00211.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19960501-04","volume":"33","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(95)00043-2"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870070308"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988705284739"},{"issue":"4","key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.4.887","volume":"42","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9","first-page":"11","volume":"6","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Transmission"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.59.8.1249"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150170051"},{"key":"12","first-page":"93","volume":"254","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(01)01196-5"},{"issue":"1","key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.1.258","volume":"50","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1979.00500420070009","volume":"36","year":"1979","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.52.9.1033","volume":"52","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.05.103"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(199901)14:1<80::AID-MDS1014>3.0.CO;2-M"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(98)00151-1"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(02)00015-9","volume":"9","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parkinsonism & Related Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(72)90068-8","volume":"15","year":"1972","journal-title":"Journal of the Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01658100600742838"},{"issue":"2","key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000103444.45882.D8","volume":"62","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4750.153","volume":"1","year":"1952","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"25","first-page":"351","volume":"136","year":"2001","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01826058"},{"issue":"3","key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410220313","volume":"22","year":"1987","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"issue":"7","key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1993.00540070041012","volume":"50","year":"1993","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/110.6.1675","volume":"110","year":"1987","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"30","first-page":"102","volume":"5","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clinical Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s007020050007","volume":"107","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Transmission"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.03.007"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.12.1.3"},{"issue":"73","key":"34","first-page":"161","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Transmission"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(87)90032-0","volume":"66","year":"1987","journal-title":"Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.6.1144","volume":"45","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00028-5"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(95)00169-7"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)90316-6"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-5597(98)00047-1"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(02)00094-9"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050602"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(94)90057-4"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-006-0522-1"},{"issue":"4","key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/101.4.661","volume":"101","year":"1978","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"5","key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410110508","volume":"11","year":"1982","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410110507","volume":"11","year":"1982","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.3.365","volume":"41","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2004.11.006"},{"issue":"4","key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199404000-00002","volume":"71","year":"1994","journal-title":"Optometry and Vision Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01511.x","volume":"16","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(02)00295-6"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(01)00099-9"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20308"},{"issue":"4","key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.4.733","volume":"123","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199502000-00008"},{"issue":"6","key":"57","first-page":"620","volume":"346","year":"1992","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology"},{"issue":"11","key":"58","first-page":"916","volume":"15","year":"1976","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902100108","volume":"210","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-8206.1993.tb01041.x","volume":"7","year":"1993","journal-title":"Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00129-6"},{"issue":"1","key":"62","first-page":"1","volume":"8","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clinical Vision Sciences"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2004.06.009"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0275-5408(95)00134-4"},{"issue":"3","key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(98)00504-7","volume":"251","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(94)90028-0"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2008.12.009"},{"issue":"2","key":"68","first-page":"53","volume":"4","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology Psychiatry and Brain Research"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04215.x"},{"key":"70","first-page":"19","volume":"6","year":"2005","journal-title":"Optometry in Practice"},{"issue":"800","key":"71","first-page":"605","volume":"1","year":"1972","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"issue":"7","key":"72","first-page":"639","volume":"2","year":"1970","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0412-z"},{"issue":"1","key":"74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1076\/0165-8107(200008)2411-VFT273","volume":"24","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuro-Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"12","key":"75","first-page":"1200","volume":"237","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"}],"container-title":["Parkinson's Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/pd\/2011\/908306.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/pd\/2011\/908306.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/pd\/2011\/908306.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T04:33:18Z","timestamp":1637728398000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/pd\/2011\/908306\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011]]},"references-count":75,"alternative-id":["908306","908306"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4061\/2011\/908306","relation":{},"ISSN":["2042-0080"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2042-0080","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011]]}}}