{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T08:15:17Z","timestamp":1788682517951,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,1]],"date-time":"2007-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1188604800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mayo Clinic Proceedings"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"DOI":"10.4065\/82.9.1091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,23]],"date-time":"2009-01-23T02:33:17Z","timestamp":1232677997000},"page":"1091-1102","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Syphilis in the United States: An Update for Clinicians With an Emphasis on HIV Coinfection"],"prefix":"10.4065","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Nicola M.","family":"Zetola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Engelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trevor P.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey D.","family":"Klausner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199601000-00006","article-title":"Epidemiology of syphilis in the United States, 1941-1993","volume":"23","author":"Nakashima","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"7024","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03072","article-title":"Host immunity and synchronized epidemics of syphilis across the United States","volume":"433","author":"Grassly","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7024","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/433366a","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases: epidemic cycling and immunity","volume":"433","author":"Grenfell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S78","DOI":"10.1086\/425289","article-title":"Effect of immune response on transmission dynamics for sexually transmitted infections","volume":"191","author":"Lena","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.1.29-49.2006","article-title":"Biological basis for syphilis","volume":"19","author":"Lafond","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199601000-00013","article-title":"Syphilis control: the historic context and epidemiologic basis for interrupting sexual transmission of Treponema pallidum","volume":"23","author":"Cates","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03450110078031","article-title":"Epidemiology of primary and secondary syphilis in the United States, 1981 through 1989","volume":"264","author":"Rolfs","year":"1990","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.2.187","article-title":"Syphilis: review with emphasis on clinical, epidemiologic, and some biologic features","volume":"12","author":"Singh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib9","series-title":"The national plan to eliminate syphylis from the United States, 1999","first-page":"1","author":"US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib10","series-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases surveillance 2004 supplement: syphilis surveillance report","author":"US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention, Division of STD Prevention","year":"2005"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib11","first-page":"269","article-title":"Primary and secondary syphilis\u2014United States, 2003-2004","volume":"55","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2006","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib12","first-page":"575","article-title":"Trends in primary and secondary syphilis and HIV infections in men who have sex with men\u2014San Francisco and Los Angeles, California, 1998-2002","volume":"53","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2004","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"38","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib13","first-page":"853","article-title":"Primary and secondary syphilis among men who have sex with men\u2014New York City, 2001","volume":"51","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2002","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200110000-00005","article-title":"A systematic review of the epidemiologic interactions between classic sexually transmitted diseases and HIV: how much really is known?","volume":"28","author":"Rottingen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200001000-00011","article-title":"HIV prevalence in patients with syphilis, United States","volume":"27","author":"Blocker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.3.388","article-title":"Impact of highly active antiretroviral treatment on HIV seroincidence among men who have sex with men: San Francisco","volume":"92","author":"Katz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199807010-00012","article-title":"HIV-1 DNA shedding in genital ulcers and its associated risk factors in Pune, India","volume":"18","author":"Gadkari","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162033352110","article-title":"Measuring the infectiousness of persons with HIV-1: opportunities for preventing sexual HIV-1 transmission","volume":"1","author":"Baeten","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr HIV Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1086\/517359","article-title":"Association of CD4 cell depletion and elevated blood and seminal plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA concentrations with genital ulcer disease in HIV-1-infected men in Malawi","volume":"177","author":"Dyer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9069","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)02190-9","article-title":"Reduction of concentration of HIV-1 in semen after treatment of urethritis: implications for prevention of sexual transmission of HIV-1","volume":"349","author":"Cohen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200410210-00012","article-title":"Syphilis increases HIV viral load and decreases CD4 cell counts in HIV-infected patients with new syphilis infections","volume":"18","author":"Buchacz","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000187262.56820.c0","article-title":"Syphilis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 coinfection: influence on CD4 T-cell count, HIV-1 viral load, and treatment response","volume":"33","author":"Kofoed","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200003303421303","article-title":"Rakai Project Study Group. Viral load and heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1","volume":"342","author":"Quinn","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.75.1.3","article-title":"From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: the contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection","volume":"75","author":"Fleming","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-198802000-00008","article-title":"Genital ulceration as a risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"2","author":"Greenblatt","year":"1988","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1988.03410100119036","article-title":"The association between genital ulcer disease and acquisition of HIV infection in homosexual men","volume":"260","author":"Stamm","year":"1988","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000200662.40215.34","article-title":"HIV seroconversion among public sexually transmitted disease clinic patients: analysis of risks to facilitate early identification","volume":"42","author":"Mehta","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199907300-00017","article-title":"New HIV cases attributable to syphilis in the USA: estimates from a simplified transmission model","volume":"13","author":"Chesson","year":"1999","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.6.943","article-title":"HIV infections and associated costs attributable to syphilis coinfection among African Americans","volume":"93","author":"Chesson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2006.019950","article-title":"Increases in sexually transmitted infections and sexual risk behaviour without a concurrent increase in HIV incidence among men who have sex with men in San Francisco: a suggestion of HIV serosorting?","volume":"82","author":"Truong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"10 suppl","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000180455.79024.e9","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of syphilis","volume":"32","author":"Peterman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000199762.28231.ee","article-title":"Drug users: a potentially important bridge population in the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases, including AIDS, in China","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"7 suppl","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib34","first-page":"52S","article-title":"Focusing \u201cdown low\u201d: bisexual black men, HIV risk and heterosexual transmission","volume":"97","author":"Millett","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120310001618676","article-title":"The extent of bisexual behaviour in HIV-infected men and implications for transmission to their female sex partners","volume":"15","author":"Montgomery","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199704000-00002","article-title":"The natural history of syphilis: implications for the transmission dynamics and control of infection","volume":"24","author":"Garnett","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(16)33445-9","article-title":"The Oslo study of the natural course of untreated syphilis: an epidemiologic investigation based on re-study of the Boeck-Bruusgaard material","volume":"48","author":"Clark","year":"1964","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1086\/514548","article-title":"The clinical diagnosis of genital ulcer disease in men","volume":"25","author":"DiCarlo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200103000-00007","article-title":"Syphilis and HIV Study Group. Clinical manifestations of early syphilis by HIV status and gender: results of the syphilis and HIV study","volume":"28","author":"Rompalo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-121-2-199407150-00003","article-title":"Altered clinical presentation of early syphilis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"121","author":"Hutchinson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib41","first-page":"176","article-title":"Active syphilis in HIV infection: a multicentre retrospective survey","volume":"72","author":"Schofer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Genitourin Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib42","first-page":"1343","article-title":"Diagnosis: malignant syphilis","volume":"25","author":"Wappner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/20.2.387","article-title":"Lues maligna, or ulceronodular syphilis, in a man infected with human immunodeficiency virus: case report and review","volume":"20","author":"Sands","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2005.01.015","article-title":"Syphilis: uncommon presentations in adults","volume":"23","author":"Dourmishev","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31802ea4c6","article-title":"Impact of syphilis infection on HIV viral load and CD4 cell counts in HIV-infected patients","volume":"44","author":"Palacios","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2004.012914","article-title":"The effects of early syphilis on CD4 counts and HIV-1 RNA viral loads in blood and semen","volume":"81","author":"Sadiq","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.1.1.121-124.1994","article-title":"Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood lymphocyte immunophenotypes in persons infected with Treponema pallidum","volume":"1","author":"Pope","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/01.OLQ.0000119172.42652.51","article-title":"Immunophenotypes, apoptosis, and expression of Fas and Bcl-2 from peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with secondary early syphilis","volume":"31","author":"Fan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200110010-00001","article-title":"Transient relapses (\u201cblips\u201d) of plasma HIV RNA levels during HAART are associated with drug resistance","volume":"28","author":"Cohen Stuart","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1086\/313725","article-title":"A pilot study evaluating ceftriaxone and penicillin G as treatment agents for neurosyphilis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals","volume":"30","author":"Marra","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.1.219","article-title":"Diagnosis of neurosyphilis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1","volume":"174","author":"Marra","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/158.4.855","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid normalities and abnormalities in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"158","author":"Hollander","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-7-37","article-title":"Interpreting cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis in HIV in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy","volume":"7","author":"Marra","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198706183162503","article-title":"Alteration in the natural history of neurosyphilis by concurrent infection with the human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"316","author":"Johns","year":"1987","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-113-11-872","article-title":"Effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on the course of syphilis and on the response to treatment","volume":"113","author":"Musher","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/18.3.288","article-title":"Evaluation of neurosyphilis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals","volume":"18","author":"Tomberlin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1086\/515245","article-title":"Neurosyphilis during the AIDS epidemic, San Francisco, 1985-1992","volume":"177","author":"Flood","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1086\/507099","article-title":"Symptomatic relapse of neurologic syphilis after benzathine penicillin G therapy for primary or secondary syphilis in HIV-infected patients [published correction appears in Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43(11):1498]","volume":"43","author":"Walter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198706183162507","article-title":"Neurologic relapse after benzathine penicillin therapy for secondary syphilis in a patient with HIV infection","volume":"316","author":"Berry","year":"1987","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"RR11","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib60","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2006","volume":"55","author":"Workowski","year":"2006","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199707313370504","article-title":"A randomized trial of enhanced therapy for early syphilis in patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"337","author":"Rolfs","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0b013e328010a9b5","article-title":"Update on ocular syphilis","volume":"17","author":"Gaudio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448.e21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.11.016","article-title":"Ocular syphilis in HIV-positive patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"119","author":"Balba","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(89)32657-1","article-title":"Syphilitic uveitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected and noninfected patients","volume":"96","author":"Becerra","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-005-1137-6","article-title":"Syphilitic uveitis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"243","author":"Tran","year":"2005","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000251204.18648.15","article-title":"Deja vu all over again: when to perform a lumbar puncture in HIV-infected patients with syphilis [editorial]","volume":"34","author":"Marra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000230481.28936.e5","article-title":"HIV and syphilis: when to perform a lumbar puncture","volume":"34","author":"Libois","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1086\/381227","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities in patients with syphilis: association with clinical and laboratory features","volume":"189","author":"Marra","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.29.3.444-448.1991","article-title":"Specific immunofluorescence staining of Treponema pallidum in smears and tissues","volume":"29","author":"Ito","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1258\/095646205774763207","article-title":"Biological false-positive tests comprise a high proportion of Venereal Disease Research Laboratory reactions in an analysis of 300,000 sera","volume":"16","author":"Geusau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1993.00410210124014","article-title":"Prozone phenomenon in secondary syphilis: has its time arrived?","volume":"153","author":"Jurado","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)80105-3","article-title":"Syphilis and neurosyphilis in a human immunodeficiency virus type-1 seropositive population: evidence for frequent serologic relapse after therapy","volume":"99","author":"Malone","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1996.00440030127015","article-title":"Serologic response to treatment of syphilis in patients with HIV infection","volume":"156","author":"Yinnon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2006.021402","article-title":"Serological response to syphilis treatment in HIV iInfected and uninfected patients attending sexually transmitted disease clinics","volume":"83","author":"Ghanem","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-114-12-1005","article-title":"Serologic response to treatment of infectious syphilis","volume":"114","author":"Romanowski","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1086\/517330","article-title":"Syphilis serology in human immunodeficiency virus infection: evidence for false-negative fluorescent treponemal testing","volume":"176","author":"Erbelding","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/162.4.862","article-title":"Sensitivity of treponemal tests for detecting prior treated syphilis during human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"162","author":"Haas","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199104000-00010","article-title":"Specific syphilis serological tests may become negative in HIV infection","volume":"5","author":"Johnson","year":"1991","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.7.2543-2545.2000","article-title":"Comparison of the Serodia Treponema pallidum particle agglutination, Captia Syphilis-G, and SpiroTek Reagin II tests with standard test techniques for diagnosis of syphilis","volume":"38","author":"Pope","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.8.3.534-539.2001","article-title":"Western immunoblotting with five Treponema pallidum recombinant antigens for serologic diagnosis of syphilis","volume":"8","author":"Sambri","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2001.00232.x","article-title":"Evaluation of recomWell Treponema, a novel recombinant antigen-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of syphilis","volume":"7","author":"Sambri","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.1.250-253.2003","article-title":"Evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay technique for detection of antibodies against Treponema pallidum","volume":"41","author":"Castro","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462053654195","article-title":"Evaluation of the serodia Treponema pallidum particle agglutination, the Murex Syphilis ICE and the Enzywell TP tests for serodiagnosis of syphilis","volume":"16","author":"Aktas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.5.1941-1946.2001","article-title":"New tests for syphilis: rational design of a PCR method for detection of Treponema pallidum in clinical specimens using unique regions of the DNA polymerase I gene","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.33.3.525-527.1995","article-title":"Recombinant antigen-based enzyme immunoassay for screening of Treponema pallidum antibodies in blood bank routine","volume":"33","author":"Zrein","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.7.3.417-421.2000","article-title":"Treponema pallidum surface immunofluorescence assay for serologic diagnosis of syphilis","volume":"7","author":"Marangoni","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.8.4.841-842.2001","article-title":"Syphilis fast latex agglutination test, a rapid confirmatory test","volume":"8","author":"Fears","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.78.4.282","article-title":"Performance of the rapid plasma reagin and the rapid syphilis screening tests in the diagnosis of syphilis in field conditions in rural Africa","volume":"78","author":"West","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3064","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.8.3064-3065.2002","article-title":"Preliminary evaluation of an immunochromatographic strip test for specific Treponema pallidum antibodies","volume":"40","author":"Zarakolu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000137903.48413.5e","article-title":"Performance of rapid syphilis tests in venous and fingerstick whole blood specimens","volume":"31","author":"Siedner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.12.10.1231-1234.2005","article-title":"Evaluation of LIAISON Treponema Screen, a novel recombinant antigen-based chemiluminescence immunoassay for laboratory diagnosis of syphilis","volume":"12","author":"Marangoni","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01578-06","article-title":"Development of a real-time PCR assay to detect Treponema pallidum in clinical specimens and an assessment of the assay's performance by comparison with serological testing","volume":"45","author":"Leslie","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0934-8840(99)80095-4","article-title":"IgG western blot as a confirmatory test in early syphilis","volume":"289","author":"Marangoni","year":"1999","journal-title":"Zentralbl Bakteriol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.34.1.49-54.1996","article-title":"Simultaneous PCR detection of Haemophilus ducreyi, Treponema pallidum, and herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 from genital ulcers","volume":"34","author":"Orle","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(92)90574-U","article-title":"Response of latent syphilis or neurosyphilis to ceftriaxone therapy in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"93","author":"Dowell","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1258\/095646204323012823","article-title":"Response of HIV-infected patients with asymptomatic syphilis to intensive intramuscular therapy with ceftriaxone or procaine penicillin","volume":"15","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1086\/498899","article-title":"Azithromycin-resistant syphilis infection: San Francisco, California, 2000-2004","volume":"42","author":"Mitchell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040216","article-title":"Macrolide resistance in Treponema pallidum in the United States and Ireland","volume":"351","author":"Lukehart","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc052777","article-title":"Azithromycin versus penicillin for early syphilis. [letter]","volume":"354","author":"Klausner","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2005.19.495","article-title":"Syphilis, chlamydia, and gonorrhea screening in HIV-infected patients in primary care, San Francisco, California, 2003","volume":"19","author":"Phipps","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2004.012187","article-title":"Increasing detection of asymptomatic syphilis in HIV patients","volume":"81","author":"Cohen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"10 suppl","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000180454.23228.80","article-title":"Responding to the epidemics of syphilis among men who have sex with men: introduction to the special issue","volume":"32","author":"Peterman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"10 suppl","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S80","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000180571.48799.8d","article-title":"Syphilis among men who have sex with men: challenges to syphilis elimination in the United States","volume":"32","author":"Douglas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000154507.58437.40","article-title":"Social marketing campaign significantly associated with increases in syphilis testing among gay and bisexual men in San Francisco","volume":"32","author":"Montoya","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120412331292471","article-title":"Internet-based site-specific interventions for syphilis prevention among gay and bisexual men","volume":"16","author":"Klausner","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200109010-00013","article-title":"Cruising on the Internet highway","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.4065\/82.9.1091_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000149783.67826.4d","article-title":"Online syphilis testing\u2014confidential and convenient","volume":"32","author":"Levine","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"}],"container-title":["Mayo Clinic Proceedings"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0025619611613712?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0025619611613712?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T00:25:14Z","timestamp":1589502314000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0025619611613712"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0025619611613712"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4065\/82.9.1091","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-6196"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-6196","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]}}}