{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T03:55:45Z","timestamp":1767585345303,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Korean Society of Women Health Nursing","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767139200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["e-whn.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Womens Health Nurs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: This study aimed to examine the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination on menstrual cycle changes among Korean women of reproductive age.Methods: This exploratory correlational study used data from an online, self-administered questionnaire obtained from the Korea Social Science Data Center database. The survey assessed menstrual cycle changes following COVID-19 vaccination among Korean women of reproductive age (15\u201349 years) who were menstruating regularly and had a history of COVID-19 vaccination. Data were collected between February and March 2023. A total of 227 participants who completed the online questionnaire were included in the analysis.Results: The risk of menstrual cycle changes was higher among older women (reference group: 40\u201349 years; 15\u201319 years: odds ratio [OR], 0.25 [p=.006]; 30\u201339 years: OR, 0.03 [p=.030]), women with obesity (reference group: body mass index [BMI] &gt;23 kg\/m2; BMI &lt;18.5 kg\/m2: OR, 0.03 [p=.030]; BMI 18.5\u201322.9: OR, 0.002 [p=.002]), and unmarried women (OR, 3.02). Increased risk was also observed among participants with a history of COVID-19 infection (OR, 3.46; p=.015), those who received the second or lower dose of the vaccine, and those reporting excessive menstrual flow (OR, 2.07; p=.015), intermenstrual symptoms (OR, 2.72; p=.037), or irregular menstruation (OR; 5.37, p&lt;.001).Conclusion: Menstrual cycle changes following COVID-19 vaccination appear to be influenced by multiple factors, particularly the interaction between a history of irregular menstruation and environmental conditions. Further longitudinal studies and tailored management strategies for specific subgroups, including unmarried and obese women, are needed to support women\u2019s health and quality of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4069\/whn.2025.12.09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T01:41:31Z","timestamp":1767145291000},"page":"392-402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4069\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Factors affecting menstrual cycle changes following COVID-19 vaccination in Korean women of reproductive age: an exploratory correlational study"],"prefix":"10.4069","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3092-5189","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sunhee","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1712-9743","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kyung-Eui","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7857-2573","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hyun-Jung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2522","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2020.09.020"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2110475"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2020.10.006"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.1967"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107659"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000041656"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168402"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-022-00711-9"},{"volume-title":"Coronavirus vaccine - weekly summary of yellow card reporting [Internet]","year":"2021","key":"ref9"},{"volume-title":"2023 COVID-19 vaccine safety evaluation and operation of the research center [Internet]","year":"2023","key":"ref10"},{"volume-title":"The 4th forum of the COVID-19 vaccine safety research center held by the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Korea: analysis of abnormal uterine bleeding report data and analysis of correlation with lymphadenitis and acute respiratory distress syndrome [Internet]","year":"c2023","key":"ref11"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5468\/ogs.24104"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3464"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000038771"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.642755"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004695"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.14822"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.760047"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002084"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280215588241"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S352167"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60020206"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2022.927211"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000036638"},{"volume-title":"Regional Office for the Western Pacific. The Asia-Pacific perspective: redefining obesity and its treatment [Internet]","year":"2000","key":"ref25"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0003079"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31579\/2690-1919\/460"},{"volume-title":"Menstrual health is a fundamental human right [Internet]","year":"2024","key":"ref28"}],"container-title":["Women's Health Nursing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/e-whn.org\/upload\/pdf\/whn-2025-12-09.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/e-whn.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.4069\/whn.2025.12.09","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/e-whn.org\/upload\/pdf\/whn-2025-12-09.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T03:50:21Z","timestamp":1767585021000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/e-whn.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.4069\/whn.2025.12.09"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4069\/whn.2025.12.09","relation":{},"ISSN":["3022-7666","3022-8247"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"3022-7666"},{"type":"electronic","value":"3022-8247"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-09","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-31","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published online","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-31","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Print publication","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}