{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T15:09:53Z","timestamp":1771859393621,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"PAGEPress Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656547200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Ital Urol Androl"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Priapism is a persistent penile erection lasting longer than 4 hours, that needs emergency management. This disorder can induce irreversible erectile dysfunction. There are three subtypes of priapism: ischemic, non-ischemic, and stuttering priapism. If the patient has ischemic priapism (IP) of less than 24-hours (h) duration, the initial management should be a corporal blood aspiration followed by instillation of phenylephrine into the corpus cavernosum. If sympathomimetic fails or the patient has IP from 24 to 48h, surgical shunts should be performed. It is recommended that distal shunts should be attempted first. If distal shunt failed, proximal, venous shunt, or T-shunt with tunneling could be performed. If the patient had IP for 48 to 72h, proximal and venous shunt or T-shunt with tunneling is indicated, if those therapies failed, a penile prosthesis should be inserted. Non-ischemic priapism (NIP) is not a medical emergency and many patients will recover spontaneously. If the NIP does not resolve spontaneously within six months or the patient requests therapy, selective arterial embolization is indicated. The goal of the management of a patient with stuttering priapism (SP) is the prevention of future episodes. Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor therapy is considered an effective tool to prevent stuttering episodes but it is not validated yet. The management of priapism should follow the guidelines as the future erectile function is dependent on its quick resolution. This review briefly discusses the types, pathophysiology, and diagnosis of priapism. It will discuss an updated approach to treat each type of priapism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4081\/aiua.2022.2.237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T12:46:05Z","timestamp":1656593165000},"page":"237-247","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["An update on the management algorithms of priapism during the last decade"],"prefix":"10.4081","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Moussa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Abou Chakra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Papatsoris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Dellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Peyromaure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Barry Delongchamps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Bailly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Roux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmad Abou","family":"Yassine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Duquesne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2549","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"55092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broderick GA, Kadioglu A, Bivalacqua TJ, et al. Priapism: pathogenesis, epidemiology, and management. J Sex Med. 2010; 7:476-500.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01625.x"},{"key":"55093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pautler SE, Brock GB. Priapism. From Priapus to the present time. Urol Clin North Am. 2001; 28:391-403.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-0143(05)70147-6"},{"key":"55094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melman A, Serels S. Priapism. Int J Impot Res. 2000; 12(Suppl 4):S133-S139.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijir.3900592"},{"key":"55095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levey HR, Segal RL, Bivalacqua TJ. Management of priapism: an update for clinicians. Ther Adv Urol. 2014; 6:230-244.","DOI":"10.1177\/1756287214542096"},{"key":"55096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ridgley J, Raison N, Sheikh MI, et al. Ischaemic priapism: A clinical review. Turk J Urol. 2017; 43:1-8.","DOI":"10.5152\/tud.2017.59458"},{"key":"55097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore J, Whelan TF, Langille GM. The use of penile prostheses in the management of priapism. Transl Androl Urol. 2017; 6(Suppl 5):S797-S803.","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2017.04.26"},{"key":"55098","unstructured":"Bassett J, Rajfer J. Diagnostic and therapeutic options for the management of ischemic and nonischemic priapism. Rev Urol. 2010;12:56-63."},{"key":"55099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ingram AR, Stillings SA, Jenkins LC. An Update on Non-Ischemic Priapism. Sex Med Rev. 2020; 8:140-149.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2019.03.004"},{"key":"55100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang YC, Harraz AM, Shindel AW, Lue TF. Evaluation and management of priapism: 2009 update. Nat Rev Urol. 2009; 6:262-271.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2009.50"},{"key":"55101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pryor J, Akkus E, Alter G, et al. Priapism. J Sex Med. 2004; 1:116-20.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2004.10117.x"},{"key":"55102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kousournas G, Muneer A, Ralph D, Zacharakis E. Contemporary best practice in the evaluation and management of stuttering priapism. Ther Adv Urol. 2017; 9:227-238.","DOI":"10.1177\/1756287217717913"},{"key":"55103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eland IA, van der Lei J, Stricker BH, Sturkenboom MJ. Incidence of priapism in the general population. Urology. 2001; 57:970-972.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(01)00941-4"},{"key":"55104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roghmann F, Becker A, Sammon JD, et al. Incidence of priapism in emergency departments in the United States. J Urol. 2013;190:1275-80.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2013.03.118"},{"key":"55105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulmala RV, Lehtonen TA, Tammela TL. Priapism, its incidence and seasonal distribution in Finland. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1995;29:93-96.","DOI":"10.3109\/00365599509180545"},{"key":"55106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adeyoju AB, Olujohungbe AB, Morris J, et al. Priapism in sicklecell disease; incidence, risk factors and complications - an international multicentre study. BJU Int. 2002; 90:898-902.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.2002.03022.x"},{"key":"55107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nolan VG, Wyszynski DF, Farrer LA, Steinberg MH. Hemolysisassociated priapism in sickle cell disease. Blood. 2005; 106:3264-3267.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-04-1594"},{"key":"55108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van der Horst C, Stuebinger H, Seif C, et al. Priapism - etiology, pathophysiology and management. Int Braz J Urol. 2003; 29:391-400.","DOI":"10.1590\/S1677-55382003000500002"},{"key":"55109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar M, Garg G, Sharma A, et al. Comparison of outcomes in malignant vs. non-malignant ischemic priapism: 12-year experience from a tertiary center. Turk J Urol. 2019; 45:340-344.","DOI":"10.5152\/tud.2019.75044"},{"key":"55110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lue TF. AB002. Management of three types of priapism: 2015 update. Transl Androl Urol. 2015; 4(Suppl 1):AB002.","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2016.AB002"},{"key":"55111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hudnall M, Reed-Maldonado AB, Lue TF. Advances in the understanding of priapism. Transl Androl Urol. 2017; 6:199-206.","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2017.01.18"},{"key":"55112","unstructured":"Podolej GS, Babcock C. Emergency Department Management Of Priapism. Emerg Med Pract. 2017; 19:1-16."},{"key":"55113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ridgley J, Raison N, Sheikh MI, et al. Ischaemic priapism: A clinical review. Turk J Urol. 2017; 43:1-8.","DOI":"10.5152\/tud.2017.59458"},{"key":"55114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ericson C, Baird B, Broderick GA. Management of Priapism: 2021 Update. Urol Clin North Am. 2021; 48:565-576.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2021.07.003"},{"key":"55115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shigehara K, Namiki M. Clinical Management of Priapism: A Review. World J Mens Health. 2016; 34:1-8.","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.2016.34.1.1"},{"key":"55116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halls JE, Patel DV, Walkden M, Patel U. Priapism: pathophysiology and the role of the radiologist. Br J Radiol. 2012; 85 Spec No 1(Spec Iss 1):S79-S85.","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/62360925"},{"key":"55117","unstructured":"Kessler CS, Bauml J. Non-traumatic urologic emergencies in men: a clinical review. West J Emerg Med. 2009;10:281-287."},{"key":"55118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel U, Sujenthiran A, Watkin N. Penile Doppler ultrasound in men with stuttering priapism and sickle cell disease -. a labile baseline diastolic velocity is a characteristic finding. J Sex Med. 2015; 12:549-556.","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12756"},{"key":"55119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirkham A. MRI of the penis. Br J Radiol. 2012; 85 Spec No 1(Spec Iss 1):S86-S93.","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/63301362"},{"key":"55120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang YC, Harraz AM, Shindel AW, Lue TF. Evaluation and management of priapism: 2009 update. Nat Rev Urol. 2009; 6:262-71.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2009.50"},{"key":"55121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muneer A, Alnajjar HM, Ralph D. Recent advances in the management of priapism. F1000Res. 2018; 7:37.","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.12828.1"},{"key":"55122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kovac JR, Mak SK, Garcia MM, Lue TF. A pathophysiologybased approach to the management of early priapism. Asian J Androl. 2013; 15:20-26.","DOI":"10.1038\/aja.2012.83"},{"key":"55123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reed-Maldonado AB, Kim JS, Lue TF. Avoiding complications: surgery for ischemic priapism. Transl Androl Urol. 2017; 6:657-665.","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2017.07.23"},{"key":"55124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reddy AG, Alzweri LM, Gabrielson AT, et al. Role of penile prosthesis in priapism: A Review. World J Mens Health. 2018; 36:4-14.","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.17040"},{"key":"55125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ateyah A, Rahman El-Nashar A, Zohdy W, et al. Intracavernosal irrigation by cold saline as a simple method of treating iatrogenic prolonged erection. J Sex Med. 2005; 2:248-253.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2005.20235.x"},{"key":"55126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruest AS, Getto LP, Fredette JM, et al. A novel task trainer for penile corpus cavernosa aspiration. Simul Healthc. 2017; 12:407-413.","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000262"},{"key":"55127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salonia A, Eardley I, Giuliano F, et al. European Association of Urology guidelines on priapism. Eur Urol. 2014; 65:480-9.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2013.11.008"},{"key":"55128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muneer A, Minhas S, Freeman A, et al. Investigating the effects of high-dose phenylephrine in the management of prolonged ischaemic priapism. J Sex Med. 2008; 5:2152-2159.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2008.00862.x"},{"key":"55129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen CC, Munarriz R, McAuley I, et al. Management of ischemic priapism with high-dose intracavernosal phenylephrine: from bench to bedside [published correction appears in J Sex Med. 2006; 3:938]. J Sex Med. 2006; 3:918-922.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2005.00140.x"},{"key":"55130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montague DK, Jarow J, Broderick GA, et al. American Urological Association guideline on the management of priapism. J Urol. 2003;170:1318-24.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000087608.07371.ca"},{"key":"55131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palagiri RDR, Chatterjee K, Jillella A, Hammond DA. A case report of hypertensive emergency and intracranial hemorrhage due to intracavernosal phenylephrine. Hosp Pharm. 2019; 54:186-189.","DOI":"10.1177\/0018578718778230"},{"key":"55132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keskin D, Cal C, Delibas M, et al. Intracavernosal adrenalin injection in priapism. Int J Impot Res. 2000; 12:312-4.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijir.3900539"},{"key":"55133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levey HR, Kutlu O, Bivalacqua TJ. Medical management of ischemic stuttering priapism: a contemporary review of the literature. Asian J Androl. 2012; 14:156-163.","DOI":"10.1038\/aja.2011.114"},{"key":"55134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez Portillo F, Hoang-Boehm J, et al. Methylene blue as a successful treatment alternative for pharmacologically induced priapism. Eur Urol. 2001; 39:20-23.","DOI":"10.1159\/000052407"},{"key":"55135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu\u0308bler J, Sz\u00e1nt\u00f3 A, K\u00f6nyves K. Methylene blue as a means of treatment for priapism caused by intracavernous injection to combat erectile dysfunction. Int Urol Nephrol. 2003; 35:519-521.","DOI":"10.1023\/B:UROL.0000025617.97048.ae"},{"key":"55136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lowe FC, Jarow JP. Placebo-controlled study of oral terbutaline and pseudoephedrine in management of prostaglandin E1-induced prolonged erections. Urology. 1993; 42:51-54.","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(93)90338-B"},{"key":"55137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Priyadarshi S. Oral terbutaline in the management of pharmacologically induced prolonged erection. Int J Impot Res. 2004;16:424-426.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijir.3901180"},{"key":"55138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soler JM, Previnaire JG, Mieusset R, Plante P. Oral midodrine for prostaglandin e1 induced priapism in spinal cord injured patients. J Urol. 2009; 182:1096-1100.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.05.009"},{"key":"55139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capece M, Gillo A, Cocci A, et al. Management of refractory ischemic priapism: current perspectives. Res Rep Urol. 2017; 9:175-179.","DOI":"10.2147\/RRU.S128003"},{"key":"55140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"-Muneer A, Ralph D. Guideline of guidelines: priapism. BJU Int. 2017; 119:204-208.","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.13717"},{"key":"55141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song PH, Moon KH. Priapism: current updates in clinical management. Korean J Urol. 2013; 54:816-823.","DOI":"10.4111\/kju.2013.54.12.816"},{"key":"55142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia MM, Shindel AW, Lue TF. T-shunt with or without tunnelling for prolonged ischaemic priapism. BJU Int. 2008; 102:1754-1764.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2008.08174.x"},{"key":"55143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang Y, Tan Z, Zhou J, et al. AB227. Our experience of T-shaped shunt for the treatment of ischemic priapism. Transl Androl Urol. 2016; 5(Suppl 1):AB227.","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2016.s227"},{"key":"55144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afriansyah A, Yuri P, Hutasoit YI. Intracorporeal dilatation plus Al-Ghorab corporoglandular shunt for salvage management of prolonged ischemic priapism. Urol Case Rep. 2017; 12:11-13.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eucr.2017.01.011"},{"key":"55145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dangle PP, Patel MB, Pandya LK, Firlit CF. A modified surgical approach to the Al-Ghorab shunt - an anatomical basis. BJU Int. 2012; 109:1872-1874.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2012.11253.x"},{"key":"55146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burnett AL, Pierorazio PM. Corporal \"snake\" maneuver: corporoglandular shunt surgical modification for ischemic priapism. J Sex Med. 2009; 6:1171-1176.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2008.01176.x"},{"key":"55147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Segal RL, Readal N, Pierorazio PM, et al. Corporal Burnett \"Snake\" surgical maneuver for the treatment of ischemic priapism: long-term followup. J Urol. 2013; 189:1025-1029.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.08.245"},{"key":"55148","unstructured":"Lue TF, Garcia M. Should perioperative anticoagulation be an integral part of the priapism shunting procedure?. Transl Androl Urol. 2013; 2:316-320."},{"key":"55149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sedigh O, Rolle L, Negro CL, et al. Early insertion of inflatable prosthesis for intractable ischemic priapism: our experience and review of the literature. Int J Impot Res. 2011; 23:158-64.","DOI":"10.1038\/ijir.2011.23"},{"key":"55150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salem EA, El Aasser O. Management of ischemic priapism by penile prosthesis insertion: prevention of distal erosion. J Urol. 2010;183:2300-2303.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2010.02.014"},{"key":"55151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ralph DJ, Garaffa G, Muneer A, et al. The immediate insertion of a penile prosthesis for acute ischaemic priapism. Eur Urol. 2009;56:1033-8.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2008.09.044"},{"key":"55152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garaffa G, Ralph DJ. Penile prosthesis implantation in acute and chronic priapism. Sex Med Rev. 2013; 1:76-82.","DOI":"10.1002\/smrj.10"},{"key":"55153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmisano F, Vagnoni V, Franceschelli A, et al. Immediate insertion of a soft penile prosthesis as a new option for a safe and costeffective treatment of refractory ischemic priapism. Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2021; 93:356-360.","DOI":"10.4081\/aiua.2021.3.356"},{"key":"55154","unstructured":"Colombo F, Lovaria A, Saccheri S, et al. Arterial embolization in the treatment of post-traumatic priapism. Ann Urol (Paris). 1999;33:210-218."},{"key":"55155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim KR. Embolization treatment of high-flow priapism. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2016; 33:177-181.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1586152"},{"key":"55156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Numan F, Cantasdemir M, Ozbayrak M, et al. Posttraumatic nonischemic priapism treated with autologous blood clot embolization. J Sex Med. 2008; 5:173-9.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2007.00560.x"},{"key":"55157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim KR, Shin JH, Song HY, et al. Treatment of high-flow priapism with superselective transcatheter embolization in 27 patients: a multicenter study. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007; 18:1222-6.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2007.06.030"},{"key":"55158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fergus KB, Baradaran N, Tresh A, et al. Use of angioembolization in urology: a review. Transl Androl Urol. 2018; 7:535-544.","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2018.05.12"},{"key":"55159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertolotto M, Zappetti R, Pizzolato R, Liguori G. Color Doppler appearance of penile cavernosal-spongiosal communications in patients with high-flow priapism. Acta Radiol. 2008; 49:710-714.","DOI":"10.1080\/02841850802027026"},{"key":"55160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertolotto M, Quaia E, Mucelli FP, et al. Color Doppler imaging of posttraumatic priapism before and after selective embolization. Radiographics. 2003; 23:495-503.","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.232025077"},{"key":"55161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shapiro RH, Berger RE. Post-traumatic priapism treated with selective cavernosal artery ligation. Urology. 1997; 49:638-643.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(97)00045-9"},{"key":"55162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mwamukonda KB, Chi T, Shindel AW, Lue TF. Androgen blockade for the treatment of high-flow priapism. J Sex Med. 2010;7:2532-2537.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2010.01838.x"},{"key":"55163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrison BF, Burnett AL. Stuttering priapism: insights into pathogenesis and management. Curr Urol Rep. 2012; 13:268-276.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11934-012-0258-9"},{"key":"55164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kheirandish P, Chinegwundoh F, Kulkarni S. Treating stuttering priapism. BJU Int. 2011; 108:1068-1072.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2011.10367.x"},{"key":"55165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahm P, Rao DS, Donatucci CF. Antiandrogens in the treatment of priapism. Urology. 2002; 59:138.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(01)01492-3"},{"key":"55166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levine LA, Guss SP. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues in the treatment of sickle cell anemia associated priapism. J Urol. 1993; 150:475-477.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)35520-9"},{"key":"55167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shamloul R, el Nashaar A. Idiopathic stuttering priapism treated successfully with low-dose ethinyl estradiol: a single case report. J Sex Med. 2005; 2:732-734.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2005.00106.x"},{"key":"55168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker RC, Bergeson RL, Yi YA, et al. Dutasteride in the long-term management of stuttering priapism. Transl Androl Urol. 2020; 9:87-92.","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2019.07.15"},{"key":"55169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rachid-Filho D, Cavalcanti AG, Favorito LA, et al. Treatment of recurrent priapism in sickle cell anemia with finasteride: a new approach. Urology. 2009; 74:1054-1057.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2009.04.071"},{"key":"55170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evans KC, Peterson AC, Ruiz HE, Costabile RA. Use of oral ketoconazole to prevent postoperative erections following penile surgery. Int J Impot Res. 2004; 16:346-349.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijir.3901160"},{"key":"55171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abern MR, Levine LA. Ketoconazole and prednisone to prevent recurrent ischemic priapism. J Urol. 2009; 182:1401-1406.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.06.040"},{"key":"55172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoeh MP, Levine LA. Prevention of recurrent ischemic priapism with ketoconazole: evolution of a treatment protocol and patient outcomes. J Sex Med. 2014; 11:197-204.","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12359"},{"key":"55173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saval A, Chiodo AE. Sexual dysfunction associated with intrathecal baclofen use: a report of two cases. J Spinal Cord Med. 2008;31:103-105.","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2008.11753989"},{"key":"55174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreira DM, Pimentel M, da Silva Moreira BF, et al. Recurrent priapism in the young patient treated with baclofen. J Pediatr Urol. 2006; 2:590-591.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2005.11.009"},{"key":"55175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaidyanathan S, Watt JW, Singh G, et al. Management of recurrent priapism in a cervical spinal cord injury patient with oral baclofen therapy. Spinal Cord. 2004; 42:134-5.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101547"},{"key":"55176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta S, Salimpour P, Saenz de Tejada I, et al. A possible mechanism for alteration of human erectile function by digoxin: inhibition of corpus cavernosum sodium\/potassium adenosine triphosphatase activity. J Urol. 1998;159:1529-36.","DOI":"10.1097\/00005392-199805000-00033"},{"key":"55177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perimenis P, Athanasopoulos A, Papathanasopoulos P, Barbalias G. Gabapentin in the management of the recurrent, refractory, idiopathic priapism. Int J Impot Res. 2004; 16:84-85.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijir.3901165"},{"key":"55178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan J, Desouza R, Westney OL, Wang R. Insights of priapism mechanism and rationale treatment for recurrent priapism. Asian J Androl. 2008; 10:88-101.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7262.2008.00314.x"},{"key":"55179","unstructured":"Daoud AS, Bataineh H, Otoom S, Abdul-Zahra E. The effect of Vigabatrin, Lamotrigine and Gabapentin on the fertility, weights, sex hormones and biochemical profiles of male rats. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2004; 25:178-183."},{"key":"55180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anele UA, Mack AK, Resar LMS, Burnett AL. Hydroxyurea therapy for priapism prevention and erectile function recovery in sickle cell disease: a case report and review of the literature. Int Urol Nephrol. 2014; 46:1733-1736.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-014-0737-7"},{"key":"55181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saad ST, Lajolo C, Gilli S, et al. Follow-up of sickle cell disease patients with priapism treated by hydroxyurea. Am J Hematol. 2004;77:45-9.","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.20142"},{"key":"55182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Champion HC, Bivalacqua TJ, Takimoto E, et al. Phosphodiesterase-5A dysregulation in penile erectile tissue is a mechanism of priapism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005; 102:1661-1666.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0407183102"},{"key":"55183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anele UA, Morrison BF, Burnett AL. Molecular pathophysiology of priapism: emerging targets. Curr Drug Targets. 2015; 16:474-483.","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450115666141111111842"},{"key":"55184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burnett AL, Bivalacqua TJ, Champion HC, Musicki B. Long-term oral phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor therapy alleviates recurrent priapism. Urology. 2006; 67:1043-1048.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2005.11.045"},{"key":"55185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nardozza A Junior, Cabrini MR. Daily use of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors as prevention for recurrent priapism. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 2017; 63:689-692.","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.63.08.689"}],"container-title":["Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.pagepressjournals.org\/index.php\/aiua\/article\/download\/aiua.2022.2.237\/10206","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.pagepressjournals.org\/index.php\/aiua\/article\/download\/aiua.2022.2.237\/10206","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T12:46:46Z","timestamp":1656593206000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.pagepressjournals.org\/index.php\/aiua\/article\/view\/aiua.2022.2.237"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/aiua.2022.2.237","relation":{},"ISSN":["2282-4197","1124-3562"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2282-4197","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1124-3562","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]}}}