{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T04:18:38Z","timestamp":1768882718937,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"PAGEPress Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747267200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Ital Urol Androl"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To compare statistical outputs from ChatGPT 4.0 and human experts in both comparative and correlation analyses in the evaluation of multiparametric MRI\/ultrasound fusion-targeted biopsy plus random biopsy versus standard random biopsy alone, in terms of upstaging. Methods: Authors performed a retrospective evaluation on 101 patients undergoing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RaRP) between 2021 and 2023. Patients were divided in two groups, according to the type of prostatic biopsy received: combined fusion (MRI\/US) targeted and random biopsy versus standard random biopsy. Clinical and histological data were anonymized and analyzed using logistic regression models, ANOVA, and Chi-square tests. Analysis generated by ChatGPT and by an experienced human statistician were compared. The Q-EVAL and Q-EVA tools were used to assess the quality of user-formulated questions and AI-generated answers, respectively.Results: Results revealed high concordance between statistical outputs generated by AI and expert human statistician with perfect concordance using Cohen\u2019s kappa coefficient (\u03ba = 1.0). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that fusion biopsy was associated with a reduced likelihood of upstaging, a consistent finding across statistical evaluations. Additionally, user interaction assessments indicated high-quality in question formulation. Conclusions: ChatGPT (version 4.0) proved reliable for statistical analysis, showing strong concordance with human statisticians (\u03ba = 1.0) in performing logistic regression, chi-square, and ANOVA tests. The Q-EVAL tool could reduce query errors, though ChatGPT's lack of automatic citations remains a limitation. Fusion biopsy significantly lowered upstaging risk after RaRP. In conclusion, ChatGPT is a valuable assistive tool but further research is required to optimize human-AI collaboration in clinical research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4081\/aiua.2025.13596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T09:27:01Z","timestamp":1747301221000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["ChatGPT artificial intelligence in clinical data analysis: an example comparing standard vs fusion prostate biopsy outcomes after robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (RaRP)"],"prefix":"10.4081","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6321-946X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pier Paolo","family":"Prontera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5965-9509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca Romana","family":"Prusciano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Lattarulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arman","family":"Tsaturyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Addabbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmine","family":"Sciorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2985-6526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco Saverio","family":"Grossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2549","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"178636","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin S, Chislett B, Ischia J, et al. ChatGPT and generative AI in urology and surgery - a narrative review. BJUICompass. 2024;5:813-21.","DOI":"10.1002\/bco2.390"},{"key":"178637","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu Y, He D. The Potential Applications and Challenges of ChatGPT in the Medical Field. Int J Gen Med. 2024; 17:817-826.","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S456659"},{"key":"178638","unstructured":"Lazaros T, Konstantinos K, Georgios F, et al. ChatGPT in clinical medicine, urology and academia: a review. Arch. Esp. Urol. 2024\u037e77: 708-717."},{"key":"178639","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teperikidis L, Boulmpou A, Papadopoulos C, et al. Using ChatGPT to perform a systematic review: a tutorial. Minerva Cardiol Androl 2024; 72:547-67.","DOI":"10.23736\/S2724-5683.24.06568-2"},{"key":"178640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang Y, Wu R, He J, et al. Evaluating ChatGPT-4.0\u2019s data analytic proficiency in epidemiological studies: a comparative analysis with SAS, SPSS, and R. J Glob Health 2024; 14:04070.","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.14.04070"},{"key":"178641","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aykut D. A Comparison of ChatGPT and human questionnaire evaluations of the urological cancer videos most watched on YouTube. Clinical Genitourinary 2024; 22:102145.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clgc.2024.102145"},{"key":"178642","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prontera PP, Prusciano FR, Lattarulo M, et al. Quality of bladder cancer treatment information on YouTube: may the user\u2019s profile affect the quality of results? Arch Ital Urol Androl 2024; 96:12179.","DOI":"10.4081\/aiua.2024.12179"},{"key":"178643","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braga Martinelli AVN, Nunes NC, Santos EN, et al. Use of ChatGPT in urology and its relevance in clinical practice: is it useful? Int Braz J Urol 2024; 50:192-198.","DOI":"10.1590\/s1677-5538.ibju.2023.0570"},{"key":"178644","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasivisvanathan V, Rannikko AS, Borghi M, et al. MRI-targeted or standard biopsy for prostate-cancer diagnosis. N Engl J Med 2018;378:1767-77.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1801993"},{"key":"178645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baco E, Ukimura O, Rud E, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging transectal ultrasound image-fusion biopsies accurately characterize the index tumor: correlation with step-sectioned radical prostatectomy specimens in 135 patients. Eur Urol 2014; 67:787-794.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.08.077"},{"key":"178646","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porpiglia F, De Luca S, Passera R, et al. Multiparametric-magnetic resonance\/ultrasound fusion targeted prostate biopsy improves agreement between biopsy and radical prostatectomy gleason score. Anticancer Res. 2016; 36:4833-9.","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.11045"},{"key":"178647","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borkowetz A, Platzek I, Toma M, et al. Direct comparison of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results with final histopathology in patients with proven prostate cancer in MRI\/ultrasonography-fusion biopsy. BJU Int. 2016; 118:213-20.","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.13461"},{"key":"178648","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lanz C, Cornud F, Beuvon F, et al. Gleason score determination with transrectal ultrasound-magnetic resonance imaging fusion guided prostate biopsies are we gaining in accuracy? J Urol. 2016;195:88-93.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2015.07.021"},{"key":"178649","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB, et al. Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or interstitial radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. AMA. 1998; 280:969-74.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.11.969"},{"key":"178650","unstructured":"Dave T, Athaluri SA, Singh S. ChatGPT in medicine: an overview of its applications, advantages, limitations, future prospects, and ethical"},{"key":"178651","unstructured":"considerations. Front. Artif. Intell. 2023; 6:1169595."},{"key":"178652","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flammia RS, Hoeh B, Hohenhorst L, et al. Adverse upgrading and\/or upstaging in contemporary low-risk prostate cancer patients. 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