{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T19:29:01Z","timestamp":1769023741895,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"PAGEPress Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744761600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Ital Urol Androl"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: Transglutaminase-2 is associated with tumor invasion, metastasis development, chemoresistance and poor prognosis in various cancer types. In this study, our aim was to show the association between increased transglutaminase-2 expression and the invasive pattern of bladder cancer. Materials and methods: Tumor tissues from eighty-eight patients with bladder cancer (43 muscle-invasive, 45 non-muscle invasive bladder cancer) were immunohistochemically evaluated for TG2 expression. Results: Transglutaminase-2 expression score was higher in muscle- invasive bladder cancer compared to non-muscle invasive bladder cancer tissues (5.37 \u00b1 1.5 vs. 0.71 \u00b1 1.4, p &lt; 0.001). No statistically significant difference was found in transglutaminase- 2 expression scores between metastatic and non-metastatic disease in MIBC group. Different tumor and lymph- node stages in MIBC were also found to be not correlated with transglutaminase- 2 expression scores. Conclusions: The over-expression of transglutaminase-2 is associated with invasive disease in bladder cancer. According to our results, transglutaminase-2 has the potential to be useful for predicting the invasion in bladder cancer and addressing treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4081\/aiua.2025.13615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T11:58:45Z","timestamp":1744891125000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Increased expression of transglutaminase-2 is associated with invasive disease in bladder cancer"],"prefix":"10.4081","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2675-6469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yavuz","family":"Karaca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u015e\u00fckran","family":"Kay\u0131pmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dilek","family":"Telci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oktay","family":"Ak\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2549","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"174572","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richters A, Aben KKH, Kiemeney LALM. The global burden of urinary bladder cancer: an update. World J Urol. 2020; 38:1895-1904.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-019-02984-4"},{"key":"174573","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shariat SF, Sfakianos JP, Droller MJ, et al. The effect of age and gender on bladder cancer: a critical review of the literature. BJU Int. 2010; 105:300-308.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2009.09076.x"},{"key":"174574","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burger M, Catto JW, Dalbagni G, et al. Epidemiology and risk factors of urothelial bladder cancer. Eur Urol. 2013; 63:234-41.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2012.07.033"},{"key":"174575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siregar GP, Parwati I, Noegroho BS, et al. The association between serum hypoxia inducible factor-1\u03b1 level and urothelial bladder cancer: A preliminary study. Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2023; 95:11292.","DOI":"10.4081\/aiua.2023.11292"},{"key":"174576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lenis AT, Lec PM, Chamie K, Mshs MD. Bladder Cancer: A Review. JAMA. 2020; 324:1980-1991.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.17598"},{"key":"174577","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Odii BO, Coussons P. Biological functionalities of transglutaminase 2 and the possibility of its compensation by other members of the transglutaminase family. ScientificWorldJournal. 2014; 2014:714561.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/714561"},{"key":"174578","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tabolacci C, De Martino A, Mischiati C, et al. The Role of Tissue Transglutaminase in Cancer Cell Initiation, Survival and Progression. Med Sci (Basel). 2019; 7:19.","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci7020019"},{"key":"174579","unstructured":"Malkomes P, Lunger I, Oppermann E, et al. Transglutaminase 2 is associated with adverse colorectal cancer survival and represents a"},{"key":"174580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"therapeutic target. Cancer Gene Ther. 2023; 30:1346-1354.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41417-023-00641-y"},{"key":"174581","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang W, Gao W, Liu D, et al. The upregulation of TGM2 is associated with poor prognosis and the shaping of the inflammatory tumor microenvironment in lung squamous cell carcinoma. Am J Cancer Res. 2024; 14:2823-2838.","DOI":"10.62347\/OBES4130"},{"key":"174582","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buccarelli M, Castellani G, Fiorentino V, et al. Biological Implications and Functional Significance of Transglutaminase Type 2 in Nervous System Tumors. Cells. 2024; 13:667.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13080667"},{"key":"174583","unstructured":"Verma A, Wang H, Manavathi B, et al. Increased expression of tissue transglutaminase in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and its"},{"key":"174584","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"implications in drug resistance and metastasis. Cancer Res. 2006;66:10525-10533.","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-2387"},{"key":"174585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao M, Cao L, Shen C, et al. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and ovarian tumor progression induced by tissue transglutaminase. Cancer Res. 2009; 69:9192-9201.","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-1257"},{"key":"174586","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao L, Shao M, Schilder J, et al. Tissue transglutaminase links TGF-beta, epithelial to mesenchymal transition and a stem cell phenotype in ovarian cancer. Oncogene 2012; 31:2521-2534","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2011.429"},{"key":"174587","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eckert RL, Kaartinen MT, Nurminskaya M, et al. Transglutaminase regulation of cell function. Physiol Rev. 2014;94:383-417.","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00019.2013"},{"key":"174588","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erdem S, Yegen G, Telci D, et al. The increased transglutaminase 2 expression levels during initial tumorigenesis predict increased risk of metastasis and decreased disease-free and cancer-specific survivals in renal cell carcinoma. World J Urol. 2015; 33:1553-1560.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-014-1462-7"},{"key":"174589","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thiery JP, Acloque H, Huang RY, Nieto MA. Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in development and disease. Cell. 2009;139:871-890.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.11.007"},{"key":"174590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen X, Adhikary G, Newland JJ. et al. Transglutaminase 2 Binds to the CD44v6 Cytoplasmic Domain to Stimulate CD44v6\/ERK1\/2 Signaling and Maintain an Aggressive Cancer Phenotype. Mol. 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Prognostic value of Transglutaminase 2 in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Oncotarget. 2017; 8:45577-45584","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.17374"},{"key":"174598","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huaying S, Dong Y, Chihong Z, et al. Transglutaminase 2 Inhibitor KCC009 Induces p53-Independent Radiosensitization in Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells. 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