{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T01:04:18Z","timestamp":1775005458375,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"PAGEPress Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Ital Urol Androl"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Vasovasostomy (VV) is often pursued by men seeking natural conception after vasectomy. Microsurgical VV is associated with high patency rates (~95%) and moderate pregnancy rates (~40%), according to existing literature. However, long-term outcome data remain limited. This review evaluates patency and pregnancy rates at \u226512 months following microsurgical VV.Materials and methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted via PubMed using the terms \u201cvasovasostomy,\u201d \u201cpatency rate,\u201d and \u201cpregnancy rate.\u201d Studies were included if they reported patency or pregnancy outcomes \u226512 months post-VV. Data were categorized and analyzed using MedCalc, applying the Freeman-Tukey transformation for normalization.Results: Only four clinical studies reported long-term patency data, and six studies reported long-term pregnancy rates following microsurgical VV. Patency rates ranged from 77% to 99%, with a mean follow-up of 25 months. Patency was defined as the presence of any sperm in the ejaculate in five studies, and as &gt;1 million non-immotile sperm\/mL in one study. Using the &gt;1 million sperm definition, the patency rate was 77% at 12 months, but decreased to 33% when defined as \u226530% motile sperm in the ejaculate. Pregnancy rates across the six studies ranged from 28% to 54%, with a mean follow-up of 21 months.Conclusions: Long-term patency and pregnancy rates following VV vary widely due to inconsistent definitions and limited follow-up data. These findings underscore the need for standardized outcome measures and longitudinal follow-up to better understand factors influencing long-term success after VV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4081\/aiua.2026.14877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T12:11:38Z","timestamp":1773144698000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-term patency and pregnancy after vasovasostomy: a comprehensive review"],"prefix":"10.4081","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Ramsey","family":"Ghaleb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marwan","family":"Hamadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kareem","family":"Touleimat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Abou Chakra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, IA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Duquesne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, AP HP, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, University of Paris-Est Cr\u00e9teil (UPEC), Cr\u00e9teil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Mima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2549","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"218324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1. Cosentino M, Peraza MF, Vives A, et al. Factors predicting success after microsurgical vasovasostomy. Int Urol Nephrol. 2018; 50:625-32.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-018-1810-4"},{"key":"218325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2. Belker AM, Thomas AJ, Fuchs EF, et al. Results of 1,469 microsurgical vasectomy reversals by the Vasovasostomy Study Group. J Urol. 1991; 145:505-11.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)38381-7"},{"key":"218326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Keihani S, Verrilli LE, Zhang C, et al. Semen parameter thresholds and time-to-conception in subfertile couples: how high is high enough? Hum Reprod 2021;36:2121-33.","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deab133"},{"key":"218327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4. Muthigi A, Jahandideh S, Bishop LA, et al. Clarifying the relationship between total motile sperm counts and intrauterine insemination pregnancy rates. Fertil Steril. 2021; 115:1454-60.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.01.014"},{"key":"218328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5. Wang B, Liu Z, Jiang H. Comparison of low-power magnification one-layer vasovasostomy with stent and microscopic two-layer vasovasostomy for vasectomy reversal. Int J Impot Res. 2020; 32:617-22.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41443-019-0216-x"},{"key":"218329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. Majzoub A, Tadros NN, Polackwich AS, et al. Vasectomy reversal semen analysis: new reference ranges predict pregnancy. Fertil Steril. 2017; 107:911-5.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.01.018"},{"key":"218330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7. Sandlow JI, Kolettis PN. Vasovasostomy in the convoluted vas deferens: indications and outcomes. J Urol. 2005; 173:540-2.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000149981.89230.50"},{"key":"218331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8. Nalesnik JG, Sabanegh ES. Vasovasostomy: multiple children and long-term pregnancy rates. Curr Surg 2003; 60:348-50.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7944(03)00028-X"},{"key":"218332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9. Goldstein M, Shihua PL, Matthews GJ. Microsurgical vasovasostomy: the microdot technique of precision suture placement J Urol 1998; 159:188-90.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)64053-9"},{"key":"218333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Safarinejad MR, Lashkari MH, Asgari SA, et al. Comparison of macroscopic one-layer over number 1 nylon suture vasovasostomy with the standard two-layer microsurgical procedure. Human Fertility 2013; 16:194-9.","DOI":"10.3109\/14647273.2013.805256"},{"key":"218334","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11. Kolettis PN, Sabanegh ES, D\u2019amico AM, et al. Outcomes for vasectomy reversal performed after obstructive intervals of at least 10 years. Urology. 2002; 60:885-8.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(02)01888-5"},{"key":"218335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12. Herrel LA, Goodman M, Goldstein M, Hsiao W. Outcomes of microsurgical vasovasostomy for vasectomy reversal: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Urology. 2015; 85:819-25.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2014.12.023"},{"key":"218336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Silber SJ. Microscopic vasectomy reversal. Fertil Steril. 1977; 28:1191-1202.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)42916-X"},{"key":"218337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14. Matthews GJ, Schlegel PN, Goldstein M. Patency following microsurgical vasoepididymostomy and vasovasostomy: temporal considerations. J Urol. 1995;154:2070-2073.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)66697-7"}],"container-title":["Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.pagepressjournals.org\/aiua\/article\/download\/14877\/13886","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.pagepressjournals.org\/aiua\/article\/download\/14877\/13886","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:01:54Z","timestamp":1775001714000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.pagepressjournals.org\/aiua\/article\/view\/14877"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/aiua.2026.14877","relation":{},"ISSN":["2282-4197","1124-3562"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2282-4197","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1124-3562","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]}}}