{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T15:52:20Z","timestamp":1783957940757,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,23]],"date-time":"2015-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1421971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Audiology Research"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tympanic membrane perforation is a common problem leading to hearing loss. Despite the autoregenerative activity of the eardrum, chronic perforations require surgery using different materials, from autologous tissue - fascia, cartilage, fat or perichondrium - to paper patch. However, both, surgical procedures (myringoplasty or tympanoplasty) and the materials employed, have a number of limitations. Therefore, the advances in this field are incorporating the principles of tissue engineering, which includes the use of scaffolds, biomolecules and cells. This discipline allows the development of new biocompatible materials that reproduce the structure and mechanical properties of the native tympanic membrane, while it seeks to implement new therapeutic approaches that can be performed in an outpatient setting. Moreover, the creation of an artificial tympanic membrane commercially available would reduce the duration of the surgery and costs. The present review analyzes the current treatment of tympanic perforations and examines the techniques of tissue engineering, either to develop bioartificial constructs, or for tympanic regeneration by using different scaffold materials, bioactive molecules and cells. Finally, it considers the aspects regarding the design of scaffolds, release of biomolecules and use of cells that must be taken into account in the tissue engineering of the eardrum. The possibility of developing new biomaterials, as well as constructs commercially available, makes tissue engineering a discipline with great potential, capable of overcoming the drawbacks of current surgical procedures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4081\/audiores.2015.117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,17]],"date-time":"2015-02-17T08:12:16Z","timestamp":1424160736000},"page":"117","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Outlook for Tissue Engineering of the Tympanic Membrane"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Villar-Fernandez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose A.","family":"Lopez-Escamez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2001.0154","article-title":"Formation of the middle ear: recent progress on the developmental and molecular mechanisms","volume":"231","author":"Mallo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2012.0389","article-title":"Tissue engineering of the tympanic membrane","volume":"19","author":"Teh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tissue Eng B"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Histology","author":"Stevens","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref4"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.12.023","article-title":"Biomechanics of the tympanic membrane","volume":"44","author":"Volandri","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2009.09.007","article-title":"Quantification of tympanic membrane elasticity parameters from in situ point indentation measurements: validation and preliminary study","volume":"263","author":"Aernouts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hear. Res"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2012.09.022","article-title":"Repair of tympanic membrane perforation using novel adjuvant therapies: a contemporary review of experimental and tissue engineering studies","volume":"77","author":"Hong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aorl.2008.01.005","article-title":"Tympanic membrane perforation and tympanoplasty","volume":"125","author":"Tringali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Otolaryngol Chir Cervicofac"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-006-9227-0","article-title":"Viscoelastic properties of human tympanic membrane","volume":"35","author":"Cheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Otolog\u00eda","first-page":"229","volume":"23","author":"Gil-Carcedo","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e3181c0e621","article-title":"Collagen type distribution in the healthy human tympanic membrane","volume":"30","author":"Knutsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2010.03.064","article-title":"Different kinds of collagens in tympanic membranes","volume":"263","author":"Knutsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.132.3.293","article-title":"The collagen structure of the tympanic membrane","volume":"132","author":"Stenfeldt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Wheater\u2019s functional histology: a text and colour atlas","first-page":"417","author":"Young","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.12017","article-title":"Impact of basic fibroblast growth factor on healing of tympanic membrane perforations due to direct penetrating trauma: a prospective non-blinded\/controlled study","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2012.04.007","article-title":"Fat graft myringoplasty using umbilical fat","volume":"76","author":"Kwong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Fat-plug myringoplasty of ear lobule vs abdominal donor sites","author":"Acar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32119","article-title":"Development of water-insoluble chitosan patch scaffold to repair traumatic tympanic membrane perforations","volume":"90","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res A"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1097\/00129492-200305000-00004","article-title":"The effects of hyaluronic acid, epidermal growth factor, and mitomycin in an experimental model of acute traumatic tympanic membrane perforation","volume":"24","author":"G\u00fcneri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"ref20"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e31817f73af","article-title":"Autologous serum eardrops therapy with a chitin membrane for closing tympanic membrane perforations","volume":"29","author":"Kakehata","year":"2008","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e31823dbc26","article-title":"Myringoplasty in simple chronic otitis media: critical analysis of long-term results in a 1,000-adult patient series","volume":"33","author":"Nardone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200308000-00016","article-title":"A new method for closing tympanic membrane perforations using basic fibroblast growth factor","volume":"113","author":"Hakuba","year":"2003","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e31822f0ba7","article-title":"Three autologous substitutes for myringoplasty: a comparative study","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1258\/0022215054020377","article-title":"Fat graft myringoplasty: a cost-effective but underused procedure","volume":"119","author":"Ozgursoy","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2013.0668","article-title":"Tissue Engineering and regenerative medicine : a year in review","volume":"20","author":"Harrison","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tissue Eng B"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1261960","article-title":"Trommelfellrekonstruktion mit nicht-autogenen Transplantaten und alloplastischen Materialien Autogenous Transplants and Alloplastic Materials","volume":"89","author":"Kaftan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Laryngorhinootologie"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.20233","article-title":"Repair of the tympanic membrane with urinary bladder matrix","volume":"119","author":"Parekh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref29"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23940","article-title":"Tympanic membrane repair using silk fibroin and acellular collagen scaffolds","volume":"123","author":"Shen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940911800409","article-title":"Equine versus bovine pericardium in transmeatal underlay myringoplasty","volume":"118","author":"Albera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4486.2011.02319.x","article-title":"A randomised controlled trial comparing spontaneous healing, gelfoam patching and edge-approximation plus gelfoam patching in traumatic tympanic membrane perforation with inverted or everted edges","volume":"36","author":"Lou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-86502012000800009","article-title":"Anatomical and functional evaluation of tympanoplasty using a transitory natural latex biomembrane implant from the rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis","volume":"27","author":"Miranda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Cir\u00fargica Bras"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2009.00565.x","article-title":"Comparison of methods for the repair of acute tympanic membrane perforations: Silk patch vs. paper patch","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215112001661","article-title":"Utilising silk fibroin membranes as scaffolds for the growth of tympanic membrane keratinocytes and application to myringoplasty surgery","volume":"127","author":"Levin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1177\/0885328209104289","article-title":"Advancing towards a tissue-engineered tympanic membrane: silk fibroin as substratum for growing human eardrum keratinocytes","volume":"24","author":"Ghassemifar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl J Biomater"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2009.0476","article-title":"Tympanic membrane regeneration using a water-soluble chitosan patch","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tissue Eng A"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2010.0533","article-title":"A healing method of tympanic membrane perforations using three-dimensional porous chitosan scaffolds","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tissue Eng A"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000208549.44462.fa","article-title":"Tissue-engineered calcium alginate patches in the repair of chronic chinchilla tympanic membrane perforations","volume":"116","author":"Weber","year":"2006","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1258\/0022215042703723","article-title":"Repair of subtotal tympanic membrane perforations with Seprafilm","volume":"118","author":"Konak\u00e7i","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215107000965","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid ester in myringoplasty","volume":"122","author":"Prior","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.21365","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid fat graft myringoplasty: a minimally invasive technique","volume":"121","author":"Saliba","year":"2011","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1001\/archoto.2011.188","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid fat graft myringoplasty: an office-based technique adapted to children","volume":"137","author":"Saliba","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2010.01.025","article-title":"Poly (glicerol sebacate)-engineered plugs to repair chronic tympanic membrane perforations in a chinchilla model","volume":"143","author":"Wieland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-199307000-00015","article-title":"Direct application of basic fibroblast growth factor improves tympanic membrane perforation healing","volume":"103","author":"Fina","year":"1993","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e3181c34f01","article-title":"Basic fibroblast growth factor combined with atelocollagen for closing chronic tympanic membrane perforations in 87 patients","volume":"31","author":"Hakuba","year":"2010","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2006.02.040","article-title":"Crosslinked hydrogels for tympanic membrane repair","volume":"135","author":"Park","year":"2006","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2011.07.012","article-title":"Outcome of children with edge-everted traumatic tympanic membrane perforations following spontaneous healing versus fibroblast growth factor-containing gelfoam patching with or without edge repair","volume":"75","author":"Lou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949009900114","article-title":"Epidermal growth factor binding and action on tympanic membranes","volume":"99","author":"O\u2019Daniel","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1177\/019459989210700509","article-title":"Repair of chronic tympanic membrane perforations using epidermal growth factor","volume":"107","author":"Amoils","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"10","article-title":"Repair of chronic tympanic membrane perforations using epidermal growth factor: progress towards clinical application","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"1994","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-199512000-00007","article-title":"Repair of chronic tympanic membrane perforations with long-term epidermal growth factor","volume":"105","author":"Dvorak","year":"1995","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-5998(95)70071-4","article-title":"Effect of epidermal growth factor on tympanic membranes with chronic perforations: a clinical trial. Otolaryngol","volume":"113","author":"Ramsay","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12345083","article-title":"Enhanced modulation of keratinocyte motility by transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-a) relative to epidermal growth factor (EGF)","volume":"106","author":"Cha","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949510401008","article-title":"Immunohistochemical study of transforming growth factor-expression in normal and perforated tympanic membrane","volume":"104","author":"Koba","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1159\/000265121","article-title":"Expression of fibroblast growth factor receptors 1-4 in human chronic tympanic membrane perforation","volume":"71","author":"Kakigi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-5998(96)70008-6","article-title":"Repair of chronic tympanic membrane perforations with fibroblast growth factor","volume":"115","author":"Kato","year":"1996","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3109\/08977199109000290","article-title":"Improved healing of tympanic membrane perforations with basic fibroblast growth factor","volume":"5","author":"Fina","year":"1991","journal-title":"Growth Factors"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.12164","article-title":"Epithelial pearl formation following tympanic membrane regeneration therapy using an atelocollagen\/silicone membrane and basic fibroblast growth factor: our experience from a retrospective study of one hundred sixteen patients","volume":"38","author":"Hakuba","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e31822e0e53","article-title":"Regenerative treatment for tympanic membrane perforation","volume":"32","author":"Kanemaru","year":"2011","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489850183214","article-title":"Induction of KGF, basic FGF, and TGF alpha mRNA expression during healing of experimental TM perforations","volume":"118","author":"Ishibashi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199603000-00007","article-title":"The effects of keratinocyte growth factor on healing of tympanic membrane perforations","volume":"106","author":"Clymer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0709(00)85017-6","article-title":"Effects of platelet-derived growth factor-AA on the healing process of tympanic membrane perforation","volume":"21","author":"Yeo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e31822e96bc","article-title":"The impact of platelet-derived growth factor on closure of chronic tympanic membrane perforations: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"32","author":"R\u00f6\u00f6sli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2009.03.005","article-title":"The importance of vascular endothelial growth factor in the healing of acute tympanic membrane perforation","volume":"31","author":"Cho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2006.00147.x","article-title":"Topical application of transforming growth factor beta-1 in acute traumatic tympanic membrane perforations: an experimental study in rats","volume":"14","author":"Kaftan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-007-0303-3","article-title":"The effect of topical insulin on the healing of acute tympanic membrane perforations: a histopathologic study","volume":"264","author":"Eken","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215108003848","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma improves healing of tympanic membrane perforations: experimental study","volume":"123","author":"Erkilet","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2013.08.049","article-title":"Regeneration of chronic tympanic membrane perforation using 3D collagen with topical umbilical cord serum","volume":"62","author":"Ho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1080\/00016480600678797","article-title":"Effectiveness of MeroGel hyaluronic acid on tympanic membrane perforations","volume":"126","author":"Ozturk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"317","article-title":"Topical insulin for treatment of small central perforations - a pilot study","volume":"7","author":"Pujary","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Adv Otol"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/2001-1326-3-5","article-title":"Animal models of chronic tympanic membrane perforation: in response to plasminogen initiates and potentiates the healing of acute and chronic tympanic membrane perforations in mice","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-12-5","article-title":"Plasminogen initiates and potentiates the healing of acute and chronic tympanic membrane perforations in mice","volume":"12","author":"Shen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488709102845","article-title":"Treatment of tympanic membrane perforations with hyaluronan in an open pilot study of unselected patients","volume":"104","author":"Stenfors","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3729","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2008.0460","article-title":"Comparison of porcine acellular dermis and dura mater as natural scaffolds for bioengineering tympanic membrane","volume":"15","author":"Deng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tissue Eng A"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5876(02)00371-3","article-title":"Embryonic stem cells enhance the healing of tympanic membrane perforations","volume":"67","author":"Von","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2007.04.005","article-title":"Healing time, long-term result and effects of stem cell treatment in acute tympanic membrane perforation","volume":"71","author":"Rahman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref78","first-page":"2012","article-title":"In vitro study on the generation of tympanic membrane substitutes via tissue engineering","volume":"117","author":"Rocca","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ital J Anat Embriol"},{"key":"ref79","first-page":"352","article-title":"Stem cells and enhanced healing of chronic tympanic membrane perforation","volume":"128","author":"Rahman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1159\/000320612","article-title":"Localization of progenitor\/stem cells in the human tympanic membrane","volume":"16","author":"Knutsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Audiol Neurootol"}],"container-title":["Audiology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/audiologyresearch.org\/index.php\/audio\/article\/download\/117\/pdf_8","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/audiologyresearch.org\/index.php\/audio\/article\/download\/117\/155","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-4349\/5\/1\/117\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]],"date-time":"2022-02-10T03:39:22Z","timestamp":1644464362000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-4349\/5\/1\/117"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,23]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]}},"alternative-id":["audiores.2015.117"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/audiores.2015.117","relation":{},"ISSN":["2039-4349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2039-4349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,23]]}}}