{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T21:36:26Z","timestamp":1792532186476,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"PAGEPress Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738886400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dermatol Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The tongue, as a multifunctional organ, exhibits a variety of physiological characteristics and pathological alterations. Identifying and understanding these variations is crucial for ensuring an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management. This article explores the main common physiological variations, such as geographic tongue, fissured tongue, etc., as well as pathological conditions, including elementary lesions such as vesicles, bullae, erosions, ulcers, plaques, along with surface changes (atrophy), color changes (coatings, pigmentation), or even shape alterations (infiltrations). It discusses current diagnostic tools and therapeutic approaches while emphasizing the importance of regular monitoring to prevent complications and maintain optimal oral health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4081\/dr.2025.10262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T05:57:00Z","timestamp":1738907820000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The tongue: a bridge between physiology and disorder"],"prefix":"10.4081","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sabrine","family":"Nsir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghada","family":"Bouslama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fadwa","family":"Ghanmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7574-1872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanen","family":"Boukhris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7885-9251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lamia","family":"Oualha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Souha Ben","family":"Youssef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2549","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"23693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agbo-Godeau S, Weber P, Guedj A, Szpirglas H. \u201cWhat can language examination reveal?\".Current Odonto-Stomatol 2010;101\u201115.","DOI":"10.1051\/aos\/2010202"},{"key":"23694","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mangold AR, Torgerson RR, Rogers RS. 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Update from the 4th Edition of the World Health Organization of Head and Neck Tumors: Tumors of the Oral Cavity and Mobile Tongue. Head Neck Pathol 2017;11:33-40.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-017-0792-3"},{"key":"23711","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alramadhan SA, Bhattacharyya I, Cohen DM, Islam MN. Oral Hairy Leukoplakia in Immunocompetent Patients Revisited with Literature Review. Head Neck Pathol 2021;15:989\u201193.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-021-01287-8"},{"key":"23712","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srivanitchapoom C, Yata K. Lingual Abscess: Predisposing Factors, Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Management. 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