{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T05:07:20Z","timestamp":1784696840309,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"PAGEPress Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geospat Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021\u20132022, vaccination against this infection was crucial for Thailand\u2019s recovery. This research aimed to identify spatial patterns of association between the distribution and spread of the COVID-19 pandemic on the one hand and vaccine coverage, health service and socio-economic factors on the other. Univariate analysis using Getis-Ord GI* found strong clustering of the vaccine coverage, mostly in Eastern, Central, and Southern regions (Andaman coast), while bivariate analysis using Moran\u2019s I revealed significant positive spatial correlation vaccine coverage with the presence of COVID-19 patients (2021 = 0.273; 2022 = 0.273), Night Time Light (NTL) (2021 = 0.159; 2022 = 0.118) and medical personnel (2021 = 0.174; 2022 = 0.123). In addition, Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) analysis found High-High clusters predominantly in the Eastern and Central regions. Areas with high economic growth (as reflected by high NTL) had greater COVID-19 vaccine coverage, likely due to better access to information and efficient transport systems in areas with stronger financial resources than elsewhere. These factors facilitated access to healthcare ensured presence of adequate personnel and enabled rapid distribution of the vaccine. Additionally, high rates of COVID-19 infections increased public awareness of infection risk leading to better vaccination uptake. Policymakers should prioritise vaccine distribution in high-risk and underserved areas to ensure equitable access. Additionally, increasing health workforce capacity is essential to improving service efficiency and readiness for future outbreaks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2025.1368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T12:05:20Z","timestamp":1747137920000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Spatial autocorrelation pattern of COVID-19 vaccine coverage in Thailand 2021 and 2022"],"prefix":"10.4081","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Sarayu","family":"Muntaphan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2734-0764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kittipong","family":"Sornlorm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2549","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"21054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x"},{"key":"21055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0016-7363.2005.00671.x"},{"key":"21056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15801-w"},{"key":"21057","unstructured":"Department of Disease Control, 2021. Guidelines for COVID-19 vaccination in the 2021 outbreak situation in Thailand. Nonthaburi: TS Interprint Company Limited."},{"key":"21058","unstructured":"Department of Disease Control, 2023. Situation of people infected with COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccination in Thailand. Available from: https:\/\/ddc.moph.go.th\/covid19-dashboard\/"},{"key":"21059","unstructured":"Department of Health, 2021. Safety measures for organizations (Covid Free Setting). Available from: https:\/\/covid19.anamai.moph.go.th\/th\/"},{"key":"21060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7025e1"},{"key":"21061","unstructured":"Earth Observation Group (EOG), 2023. Available from: https:\/\/eogdata.mines.edu\/nighttime_light\/annual\/"},{"key":"21062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2022.100402"},{"key":"21063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1995-7645.332808"},{"key":"21064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1992.tb00261.x"},{"key":"21065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27609"},{"key":"21066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44212-022-00019-9"},{"key":"21067","unstructured":"Ministry of Public Health (MoPH), 2018. Urban disease prevention and control master plan. Nonthaburi: Ministry of Public Health of Thailand."},{"key":"21068","unstructured":"Ministry of Public Health (MoPH), 2022. Public health resource data report for 2021 and 2022. Available from: https:\/\/spd.moph.go.th\/public-health-resources-report\/"},{"key":"21069","unstructured":"Ministry of Public Health (MoPH), 2023. Guidelines for COVID-19 vaccination in 2023. Nonthaburi: Ministry of Public Health of Thailand."},{"key":"21070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/37.1-2.17"},{"key":"21071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00912.x"},{"key":"21072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2752-5309\/ac8ac2"},{"key":"21073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116305"},{"key":"21074","unstructured":"Praboromarajchanok Institute. 2021. Manual for surveillance, prevention, and control of COVID-19 in the community of village health volunteers. Available from: https:\/\/kb.hsri.or.th\/dspace\/handle\/11228\/5428?locale-attribute=th"},{"key":"21075","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/rsp3.12386"},{"key":"21076","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2012.10.003"},{"key":"21077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2011.166"},{"key":"21078","unstructured":"WHO, 2023. WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard 2020. Available from: https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/"},{"key":"21079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.10.008"}],"container-title":["Geospatial Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.geospatialhealth.net\/gh\/article\/download\/1368\/1475","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.geospatialhealth.net\/gh\/article\/download\/1368\/1477","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.geospatialhealth.net\/gh\/article\/download\/1368\/1475","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T10:23:07Z","timestamp":1748427787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.geospatialhealth.net\/gh\/article\/view\/1368"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/gh.2025.1368","relation":{},"ISSN":["1970-7096","1827-1987"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1970-7096","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1827-1987","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]}}}