{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T10:19:49Z","timestamp":1792232389226,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,12]],"date-time":"2019-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hematology Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anemia of chronic disease (ACD) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) are the two most important types of anemia in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Functional iron deficiency in ACD can be attributed to overexpression of the main iron regulatory hormone hepcidin leading to diversion of iron from the circulation into storage sites resulting in iron-restricted erythropoiesis. The aim is to investigate the role of circulating hepcidin and to uncover the frequency of IDA in RA. The study included 51 patients with RA. Complete blood counts, serum iron, total iron binding capacity, ferritin, and hepcidin- 25 were assessed. ACD was found in 37.3% of patients, IDA in 11.8%, and combined (ACD\/IDA) in 17.6%. Serum hepcidin was higher in ACD than in control and the other groups (P \u2264 0.001). It was strongly and positively correlated with ferritin (P &lt; 0.001), while hemoglobin, serum iron, and total iron binding capacity were negatively correlated with hepcidin (P = 0.016, 0.022 and &lt;0.001, respectively). High serum hepcidin was significantly associated with ACD in RA. IDA alone or combined with ACD was encountered in about a third of patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4081\/hr.2019.7708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,12]],"date-time":"2019-03-12T08:36:01Z","timestamp":1552379761000},"page":"7708","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Studying Anemia of Chronic Disease and Iron Deficiency in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis by Iron Status and Circulating Hepcidin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Warqaa","family":"Khalaf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haithem Ahmed","family":"Al-Rubaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sami","family":"Shihab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1109","article-title":"Clinical features of rheumatoid arthritis","author":"Harris","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Validity and agreement between the 28-joint disease activity score based on C reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"6","author":"Nielung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"113","article-title":"Anemia of chronic disease in rheumatoid arthritis and its relationship with disease activities","volume":"6","author":"Basak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dinajpur Med Col"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3672","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30623","article-title":"Hepcidin and hemoglobin content parameters in the diagnosis of iron deficiency in rheumatoid arthritis patients with anemia","volume":"63","author":"Van Santen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-10-3235","article-title":"Hepcidin, a putative mediator of anemia of inflammation, is a type II acute-phase protein","volume":"101","author":"Nemeth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01490506","article-title":"Assessing iron status: beyond serum ferritin and transferrin saturation","volume":"1","author":"Wish","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.2217\/17460816.3.4.335","article-title":"The impact of the metabolic syndrome on cardiovascular risk and disease in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"3","author":"Dessein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Future Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"65","article-title":"Autoantibodies and other laboratory tests","author":"Wener","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"175","article-title":"Iron deficiency anemia and iron overload","author":"Worwood","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R141","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4323","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of the effects of treatment with tocilizumab and TNF-\u03b1 inhibitors on serum hepcidin, anemia response and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis patients","volume":"15","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"120","article-title":"Anemia in recent onset rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"9","author":"Borah","year":"2007","journal-title":"JK Science"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"225","article-title":"Association between acute phase reactant levels, and disease activity score (DAS28), in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and anemia","volume":"20","author":"Sab\u0103u","year":"2011","journal-title":"Revista Rom\u00e2n\u0103 de Rheumatologie"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.063834","article-title":"Disease activity score 28 (DAS28) using C reactive protein underestimates disease activity and overestimates EULAR response criteria compared with DAS28 using erythrocyte sedimentation rate in a large observational cohort of rheumatoid arthritis patients in Japan","volume":"66","author":"Matsui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2012.183","article-title":"Anemia in inflammatory rheumatic diseases","volume":"9","author":"Weiss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"17","article-title":"Evaluation of serum hepcidin variation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis according to anemia profile and its correlation with disease activity","volume":"21","author":"Sab\u0103u","year":"2013","journal-title":"Revista Rom\u00e2n\u0103 de Medicin\u0103 de Laborator"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2011.08741.x","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of anemia of chronic disease: current status","volume":"154","author":"Cullis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.4103\/1110-161X.140530","article-title":"Serum prohepcidin concentrations in rheumatoid arthritis and its relation to disease activity","volume":"41","author":"Emeraha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Egypt Rheumatol Rehabil"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"7","article-title":"Inflammatory markers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"582","author":"Shrivastavaa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Allergol Immunopathol (Madr)"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.5336\/medsci.2012-30964","article-title":"Serum prohepcidin and hepcidin levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective study","volume":"33","author":"Dagli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.48.1578","article-title":"Circulating hepcidin in the crossroads of anemia and inflammation associated with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"48","author":"Demirag","year":"2009","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.110339","article-title":"Serum hepcidin: a direct link between anemia of inflammation and coronary artery atherosclerosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"38","author":"Abdel-Khalek","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202119","article-title":"Serum hepcidin level is not an independent surrogate biomarker of disease activity or of radiographic progression in rheumatoid arthritis: results from the ESPOIR cohort","volume":"72","author":"Sellam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Role of hepcidin in the pathogenesis of anemia not caused by iron deficiency","volume":"5","author":"Osman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Cell Immunol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1205","article-title":"Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism and hepcidin in rheumatoid arthritis: correlations with clinical and laboratory indices of disease activity","volume":"65","author":"Swellam","year":"2013","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R204","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4397","article-title":"Effect of tocilizumab on haematological markers implicates interleukin-6 signalling in the anaemia of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"15","author":"Isaacs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"}],"container-title":["Hematology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.pagepress.org\/journals\/index.php\/hr\/article\/download\/7708\/7776","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.pagepress.org\/journals\/index.php\/hr\/article\/download\/7708\/7862","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2038-8330\/11\/1\/7708\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T18:30:24Z","timestamp":1721068224000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2038-8330\/11\/1\/7708"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,12]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["hr.2019.7708"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/hr.2019.7708","relation":{},"ISSN":["2038-8330"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2038-8330","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,12]]}}}