{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T11:10:50Z","timestamp":1768475450301,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,3]],"date-time":"2012-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1333411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infectious Disease Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Contact investigations around tuberculosis patients enable early detection of infection and disease, and prevention of secondary tuberculosis cases. We aim to identify risk factors for M. tuberculosis transmission to contacts of tuberculosis patients, based on unique data from routine contact investigations by the Public Health Service in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, collected between 2001 and 2006. Through logistic regression analysis, we determined the effect of various risk factors on the chance of finding a latent tuberculosis (TB) infection or overt tuberculosis case among contacts. A total of 1165 index patients with active tuberculosis were registered and at least one contact was investigated in 731, resulting in 21,540 contacts overall. Altogether, the contact investigations led to 91 cases of active tuberculosis. Of the 12,698 contacts eligible for screening by tuberculin skin test, 1091 (9%) were diagnosed with latent tuberculosis infections. Risk factors were old age of the contact, old age of the index patient, and the relationship to the index. A larger fraction of infected close contacts was strongly associated with infections among more distant contacts. Our findings emphasize the importance of including these personal and interpersonal risk factors in decision making in contact investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4081\/idr.2012.e26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,12]],"date-time":"2012-04-12T14:12:20Z","timestamp":1334239940000},"page":"e26","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Risk Factors for Tuberculosis in Contact Investigations in Rotterdam, The Netherlands"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Jesse Eduard","family":"Verdier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sake Jan","family":"de Vlas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inge D.","family":"Kidgell-Koppelaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan 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guideline)","author":"Pool","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00201609","article-title":"Tuberculosis contact investigation in low prevalence countries: a European consensus","volume":"36","author":"Erkens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cki203","article-title":"From contact investigation to tuberculosis screening of drug addicts and homeless persons in Rotterdam","volume":"16","author":"de Vries","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"1093","article-title":"Missed opportunities in tuberculosis control in The Netherlands due to prioritization of contact investigations","volume":"10","author":"Mulder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00011708","article-title":"Active case finding of tuberculosis in Europe: a Tuberculosis Network European Trials Group (TBNET) survey","volume":"32","author":"Bothamley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19153","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.14.11.19153-en","article-title":"Effectiveness of tuberculosis contact tracing among migrants and the foreign-born population","volume":"14","author":"Mulder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.2.9801062","article-title":"Predictive value of contact investigation for identifying recent transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"158","author":"Behr","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.6.2004022","article-title":"Outcomes of contact investigations of infectious tuberculosis patients","volume":"162","author":"Marks","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"78","article-title":"Contact tracing for tuberculosis and treatment for latent infection in a low incidence country","volume":"138","author":"Langenskiold","year":"2008","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"17","article-title":"Risk factors associated with recent transmission of tuberculosis: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Nava-Aguilera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"585","article-title":"Contribution of a IFN-gamma assay in contact tracing for tuberculosis in a low-incidence, high immigration area","volume":"138","author":"Janssens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-2048","article-title":"Comparative performance of tuberculin skin test, 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