{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]],"date-time":"2025-03-22T10:37:30Z","timestamp":1742639850902},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,29]],"date-time":"2018-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infectious Disease Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leukemoid reaction (LR) is an uncommon though dreadful sign for the treating physician, as it is related to increased mortality. In the few series that have addressed its incidence and clinical significance, infectious causes count for about half of the cases of LR, the rest accounting for cancer, drugs or rarer causes. In the HIV setting, it represents an even rarer event, owing probably to the impaired granulocytic response of AIDS patients to bacterial agents. However no report exists as to the incidence of LR to the immune-restored HIV patients adequately treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Syphilis is a well known cause of mild lymphocytosis, though only one report of LR exists in the congenital setting. We hereby report a case of an HIV patient adequately treated with ART, who presented with LR with a lymphomonocytic preponderance after infection with treponema pallidum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4081\/idr.2018.7410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,3]],"date-time":"2018-04-03T09:54:20Z","timestamp":1522749260000},"page":"7410","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Syphilis Infection in an HIV Patient Presenting with Leukemoid Reaction: Case Report and Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Athina","family":"Lioni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markela-Pagonitsa","family":"Zorzou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Kollia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Loulakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fotini","family":"Ntziora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fotini","family":"Stergiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Boboli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Chini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit562","article-title":"Leukemoid reaction: spectrum and prognosis of 173 adult patients","volume":"57","author":"Potasman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Inf Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(97)00273-8","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of 100 consecutive patients with extreme granulocytic leukocytosis","volume":"104","author":"Reding","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Medicine"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcm006","article-title":"Extreme leukocytosis in the emergency department","volume":"100","author":"Lawrence","year":"2007","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2006.04.004","article-title":"An update on the etiology and diagnostic evaluation of a leukemoid reaction","volume":"17","author":"Sakka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Intenal Medicine"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation.V2012.1.475.3798515","article-title":"Malignant or benign leukocytosis","author":"George","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"3919","article-title":"Etiology and outcome of extreme leukocytosis in 758 nonhematologic cancer patients","author":"Granger","year":"2009","journal-title":"A retrospective single-institution study. Cancer"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2010.0077","article-title":"Cancer-Associated Myeloproliferation: old association, new therapeutic target","volume":"85","author":"Wilcox","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.2830290207","article-title":"Hematologic aspects of human immunodeficiency virus infection: laboratory and clinical considerations","volume":"29","author":"Perkocha","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Hematology"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1086\/313642","article-title":"Neutropenia, neutrophil dysfunction and bacterial infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease: The role of granulocytecolony stimulating factor","volume":"30","author":"Kuritzkes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Inf Dis"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1097\/01.SMJ.0000051279.00946.2C","article-title":"Leukemoid reaction due to Clostridium difficile infection in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: two case reports and a review of the literature","volume":"97","author":"De Toledo","year":"2004","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.77.2.149-a","article-title":"Deterioration of disseminated cutaneous Mycobacterium Avium complex with a leukaemoid reaction following institution of highly active antiretroviral therapy","author":"Brown","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"782","volume":"131","author":"Karayalcin","year":"1977","journal-title":"Monocytosis in congenital syphilis Am J Dis Child"}],"container-title":["Infectious Disease Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.pagepress.org\/journals\/index.php\/idr\/article\/viewFile\/7410\/7239","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.pagepress.org\/journals\/index.php\/idr\/article\/viewFile\/7410\/7302","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2036-7449\/10\/1\/7410\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]],"date-time":"2022-02-10T03:53:15Z","timestamp":1644465195000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2036-7449\/10\/1\/7410"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,29]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}},"alternative-id":["idr.2018.7410"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/idr.2018.7410","relation":{},"ISSN":["2036-7449"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2036-7449","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,29]]}}}