{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T13:40:38Z","timestamp":1742478038625,"version":"3.40.1"},"reference-count":5,"publisher":"PAGEPress Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742428800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ital J Food Safety"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study assesses the effectiveness and efficiency of measures provided for by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019\/1793 by determining the rate of consignments not complying with European Union legislation placed on the European market despite increased controls through the use of probability theory and Bayes\u2019 theorem methods. In addition, it takes into account different provisions for intensified official controls to improve performance. The study revealed that the effectiveness of measures provided, intended as a reduction in the rate of non-compliant consignments placed on the market, appeared limited despite a great effort in terms of performed official controls. This rate was always lower than the rate of the increased controls and closely linked to the test sensitivity and specificity, determined by the combination of sampling procedures with analytical methods. Furthermore, the efficiency, intended as the ratio between the number of analyses carried out and the number of non-compliant consignments found, was just related to the starting prevalence and sensitivity. Instead, the provision for intensified official controls, based on additional checks carried out following each non-compliant result, was able to significantly reduce the rate of non-compliant consignments placed on the market. In conclusion, this study showed that the protection level offered by the measures laid down might not be proportionate to the effort made. To improve effectiveness and efficiency, sampling procedures and analytical methods with high sensitivity and specificity are needed, aided by the availability of reliable information to identify subsets of consignments with a higher prevalence of non-compliance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4081\/ijfs.2025.13307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T13:19:46Z","timestamp":1742476786000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Temporary increase of official controls at border control posts in the European Union: theoretical assessment of the measures laid down in Commission Implementing Regulation EU\/2019\/1793"],"prefix":"10.4081","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6134-2257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesare","family":"Ciccarelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela Marisa","family":"Semeraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8478-0087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vittoria","family":"Di Trani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7473-0580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melina","family":"Leinoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Martelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Ciccarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2549","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"170379","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciccarelli C, Leinoudi M, Semeraro AM, Di Trani V, Angelozzi G, Ciccarelli E, Corti I, 2019. Assessment of sampling methods about level of mercury in fish. Ital J Food Saf 8:7593.","DOI":"10.4081\/ijfs.2019.7593"},{"key":"170380","unstructured":"European Commission, 2019a. Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019\/2130 of 25 November 2019 establishing detailed rules on the operations to be carried out during and after documentary checks, identity checks and physical checks on animals and goods subject to official controls at border control posts. In: Official Journal, L 321\/128, 12\/12\/2019."},{"key":"170381","unstructured":"European Commission, 2019b. Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019\/1793 of 22 October 2019 on the temporary increase of official controls and emergency measures governing the entry into the Union of certain goods from certain third countries implementing Regulations (EU) 2017\/625 and (EC) No 178\/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Commission Regulations (EC) No 669\/2009, (EU) No 884\/2014, (EU) 2015\/175, (EU) 2017\/186 and (EU) 2018\/1660. In: Official Journal, L 277\/89, 29\/10\/2019."},{"key":"170382","unstructured":"European Parliament, Council of the European Union, 2017. Regulation (EU) 2017\/625 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2017 on official controls and other official activities performed to ensure the application of food and feed law, rules on animal health and welfare, plant health and plant protection products, amending Regulations (EC) No 999\/2001, (EC) No 396\/2005, (EC) No 1069\/2009, (EC) No 1107\/2009, (EU) No 1151\/2012, (EU) No 652\/2014, (EU) 2016\/429 and (EU) 2016\/2031 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Council Regulations (EC) No 1\/2005 and (EC) No 1099\/2009 and Council Directives 98\/58\/EC, 1999\/74\/EC, 2007\/43\/EC, 2008\/119\/EC and 2008\/120\/EC, and repealing Regulations (EC) No 854\/2004 and (EC) No 882\/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Council Directives 89\/608\/EEC, 89\/662\/EEC, 90\/425\/EEC, 91\/496\/EEC, 96\/23\/EC, 96\/93\/EC and 97\/78\/EC and Council Decision 92\/438\/EEC (Official Controls Regulation). In: Official Journal, L 95\/1, 07\/04\/2017."},{"key":"170383","unstructured":"Gerhardt W, Keller M, 1986. Evaluation of test data from clinical studies. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 181:1-74."}],"container-title":["Italian Journal of Food Safety"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.pagepressjournals.org\/ijfs\/article\/download\/13307\/12938","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.pagepressjournals.org\/ijfs\/article\/download\/13307\/12939","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.pagepressjournals.org\/ijfs\/article\/download\/13307\/12938","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T13:20:36Z","timestamp":1742476836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.pagepressjournals.org\/ijfs\/article\/view\/13307"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"references-count":5,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/ijfs.2025.13307","relation":{},"ISSN":["2239-7132"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2239-7132","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]}}}