{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:14:59Z","timestamp":1779927299060,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"PAGEPress Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ital J Food Safety"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chlamydia is the etiological agent of chlamydiosis in wild and domestic birds, mammals, and humans. In this study, Chlamydia reads were detected in the microbiome of the neck skin of 76 broiler carcasses collected in the same slaughterhouse at the end of the chilling tunnel. The carcasses originated from four different flocks of female Ross 308, reared in two broiler houses located in Northern Italy. One flock from each poultry house was sampled in 2019, and one flock in 2023. The carcass neck skin microbiome was investigated by shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Chlamydia reads displayed a mean relative abundance of 7.38%, with significant differences between carcasses obtained from the two poultry houses, sampled at both sampling times. Chlamydia ibidis was the prevalent species among time points and poultry houses. The zoonotic potential of C. ibidis and foodborne transmission have never been demonstrated. However, it is known that the genus Chlamydia has \u201cspore\u201d-like extracellular forms able to survive for months outside the host. Therefore, the presence of C. ibidis reads on broiler carcasses at the end of the chilling tunnel deserves further investigation. The results of this study highlight the feasibility of microbiome investigations to detect unexpected biological hazards in foods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4081\/ijfs.2026.14726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T13:35:08Z","timestamp":1772631308000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Detection of &lt;i&gt;Chlamydia ibidis&lt;\/i&gt; in the neck skin microbiome of broiler carcasses at the end of slaughter"],"prefix":"10.4081","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yitagele Terefe","family":"Mekonnen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8854-3821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Indio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Lucchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerardo","family":"Manfreda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Serraino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"De Cesare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2549","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"217310","unstructured":"Commission of the European Communities, 2005. Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2073\/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 November 2005 on microbiological criteria for foodstuffs. In: Official Journal, L338\/1, 22\/12\/2005."},{"key":"217311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Cesare A, Caselli E, Lucchi A, Sala C, Parisi A, Manfreda G, Mazzacane S, 2019. Impact of a probiotic-based cleaning product on the microbiological profile of broiler litters and chicken cae-ca microbiota. Poult Sci 98:3602-10.","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez148"},{"key":"217312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Meyst A, De Clercq P, Porrez J, Geens T, Braeckman L, Ouburg S, Morr\u00e9 SA, Vanrompay D, 2024. Belgian cross-sectional epidemiological study on zoonotic avian Chlamydia spp. in chick-ens. Microorganisms 12:193.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12010193"},{"key":"217313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dembek ZF, Mothershead JL, Owens AN, Chekol T, Wu A, 2023. Psittacosis: an underappreciated and often undiagnosed disease. Pathogens 12:1165.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12091165"},{"key":"217314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA, 2024. The European Union One Health 2023 zoonoses report, 2024. EFSA J 22:e9016.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.p221202"},{"key":"217315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, \u00c1lvarez-Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez A, Bolton D, Bover-Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Arg\u00fcello H, Berendonk T, Cavaco LM, Gaze W, Schmitt H, Topp E, Guerra B, Li\u00e9bana E, Stella P, Peixe L, 2021. Role played by the environment in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through the food chain. EFSA J 19:e06651.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2021.6651"},{"key":"217316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, \u00c1lvarez-Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez A, Bolton D, Bover-Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Arg\u00fcello-Rodr\u00edguez H, Dohmen W, Magistrali CF, Padalino B, Tenhagen B-A, Threlfall J, Garc\u00eda-Fierro R, Guerra B, Li\u00e9bana E, Stella P, Peixe L, 2022. Transmission of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) during animal transport. EFSA J 20:e07586.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2022.7586"},{"key":"217317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Essig A, Longbottom D, 2015. Chlamydia abortus: new aspects of infectious abortion in sheep and potential risk for pregnant women. Curr Clin Microbiol Rep 2:22-34.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-015-0014-2"},{"key":"217318","unstructured":"European Parliament, Council of the European Union, 2002. Commission Regulation (EC) No 178\/2002 of the European Parliarment and of the Council of 28 January 2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authori-ty and laying down proc dures in matters of food safety. In: Official Journal, L 031, 28\/01\/2002."},{"key":"217319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heijne M, Jelocnik M, Umanets A, Brouwer MSM, Dinkla A, Harders F, van Keulen LJM, Roest HJ, Schaafsma F, Velkers FC, van der Goot JA, Pannekoek Y, Koets AP, 2021. Genetic and phenotypic analysis of the pathogenic potential of two novel Chlamydia gallinacea strains com-pared to Chlamydia psittaci. Sci Rep 11:16516.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95966-9"},{"key":"217320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hogerwerf L, Holstege MMC, Beninc\u00e0 E, Dijkstra F, van der Hoek W, 2017. Temporal and spatial analysis of psittacosis in association with poultry farming in the Netherlands, 2000-2015. BMC Infect Dis 2017;17:519.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2608-1"},{"key":"217321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaleta EF, Taday EMA, 2003. Avian host range of Chlamydophila spp. based on isolation, antigen detection and serology. Avian Pathol 32:435-61.","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450310001593613"},{"key":"217322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalczyk K, W\u00f3jcik-Fatla A, 2022. Chlamydia psittaci in faecal samples of feral pigeons (Columba livia forma urbana) in urban areas of Lublin city, Poland. Curr Microbiol 79:367.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-022-03072-4"},{"key":"217323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krawiec M, Piasecki T, Wieliczko A, 2015. Prevalence of Chlamydia psittaci and Other Chlamydia Species in Wild Birds in Poland. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 15:652-55.","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1814"},{"key":"217324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laroucau K, Aaziz R, Meurice L, Servas V, Chossat I, Royer H, de Barbeyrac B, Vaillant V, Moyen JL, Meziani F, Sachse K, Rolland P, 2015. Outbreak of psittacosis in a group of women exposed to Chlamydia psittaci-infected chickens. Euro Surveill 20:21155.","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2015.20.24.21155"},{"key":"217325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee HJ, Lee OM, Kang SI, Yeo YG, Jeong JY, Kwon YK, Kang MS, 2023. Prevalence of asympto-matic infections of Chlamydia psittaci in psittacine birds in Korea. 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Food Microbiol 99:103823.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2021.103823"},{"key":"217329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menzel P, Ng KL, Krogh A, 2016. Fast and sensitive taxonomic classification for metagenomics with Kaiju. Nat Commun 7:11257.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11257"},{"key":"217330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ossa-Giraldo AC, \u00dasuga-Perilla X, Correa JS, Segura JA, 2023. Chlamydia psittaci seropositivity in workers exposed to birds and review of the literature: Evidence of circulation in Antioquia. Bio-medica 43:330-43.","DOI":"10.7705\/biomedica.6832"},{"key":"217331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park J, Bae D, Kim SA, 2023. Microbial trace investigation throughout the entire chicken supply chain based on metagenomic high-throughput sequencing. 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Psittacosis pneumonia with the reversed halo sign: a case report and literature review. BMC Infect Dis 25:717.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-11081-4"}],"container-title":["Italian Journal of Food Safety"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.pagepressjournals.org\/ijfs\/article\/download\/14726\/13877","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.pagepressjournals.org\/ijfs\/article\/download\/14726\/13877","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:54Z","timestamp":1779926454000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.pagepressjournals.org\/ijfs\/article\/view\/14726"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/ijfs.2026.14726","relation":{},"ISSN":["2239-7132"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2239-7132","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]}}}