{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T13:34:39Z","timestamp":1794490479511,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"AOSIS","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]],"date-time":"2023-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696032000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Public Health Afr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>On 20th September 2022, Uganda declared the 7th outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) caused by the Sudan Ebola strain following the confirmation of a case admitted at Mubende Regional Referral Hospital. Upon confirmation, the Government of Uganda immediately activated the national incident management system to initiate response activities. Additionally, a multi\u2011country emergency stakeholder meeting was held in Kampala; convening Ministers of Health from neighbouring Member States to undertake cross\u2011border preparedness and response actions. The outbreak spanned 69 days and recorded 164 cases (142 confirmed, 22 probable), 87 recoveries and 77 deaths (case fatality ratio of 47%). Nine out of 136 districts were affected with transmission taking place in 5 districts but spilling over in 4 districts without secondary transmission. As part of the response, the Government galvanised robust community mobilisation and initiated assessment of medical counter measures including therapeutics, new diagnostics and vaccines. This paper highlights the response actions that contributed to the containment of this outbreak in addition to the challenges faced with a special focus on key recommendations for better control of future outbreaks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4081\/jphia.2023.2735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T07:38:27Z","timestamp":1695973107000},"page":"9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Continental concerted efforts to control the seventh outbreak of Ebola Virus disease in Uganda: The first 90 days of the response"],"prefix":"10.4102","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jane R.","family":"Aceng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry K.","family":"Bosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neema","family":"Kamara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Atwine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Mwebesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard","family":"Nyika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katusiime","family":"Maureen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Olaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atek","family":"Kagirita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Larmode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lul P.","family":"Riek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elvis","family":"Temfack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Salyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dativa","family":"Aliddeki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shingai","family":"Machingaidze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Festo","family":"Mazuguni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Kirenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winters","family":"Muttamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Misaki","family":"Wayengera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mudashir","family":"Bbuye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Kasambula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Eurien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akello","family":"Grace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Ampaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabirye","family":"Herbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathew","family":"Tut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donewell","family":"Bangure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wessam","family":"Mankoula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahima","family":"Sonko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alinon N.","family":"Kokou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Magodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Addis","family":"Mhiraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Bulwadda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Kyabayinze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zainah","family":"Kabami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan","family":"Muruta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rony","family":"Bahatungire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Upentho","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Nabadda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Birungi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kabanda","family":"Richard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merawi","family":"Aragaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed O.","family":"Ouma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2580","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"18707","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rugarabamu S, Mboera L, Rweyemamu M, Mwanyika G, Lutwama J, Paweska J, et al. Forty-two years of responding to Ebola virus outbreaks in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review. BMJ Glob Health. 2020 Mar 1;5(3):e001955.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-001955"},{"key":"18708","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Awah PK, Boock AU, Kum KA. Ebola Virus Diseases in Africa: a commentary on its history, local and global context. Pan Afr Med J. 2015 Oct 11;22(Suppl 1):18.","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.supp.2015.22.1.6652"},{"key":"18709","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Mulangu S, Masumu J, Kayembe JM, Kemp A, Paweska JT. Ebola virus outbreaks in Africa: Past and present. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 2012 Jan;79(2):06\u201313.","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v79i2.451"},{"key":"18710","unstructured":"History of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) Outbreaks | History | Ebola (Ebola Virus Disease) | CDC [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2022 Dec 2]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vhf\/ebola\/history\/chronology.html."},{"key":"18711","unstructured":"Ebola virus disease | Nature Reviews Disease Primers [Internet]. [cited 2022 Nov 6]. Available from: https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41572-020-0147-3."},{"key":"18712","unstructured":"The National Policy for Disaster Preparedness and Management | United Nations Development Programme [Internet]. [cited 2022 Nov 17]. Available from: https:\/\/www.undp.org\/uganda\/publications\/national-policy-disaster-preparedness-and-management."},{"key":"18713","unstructured":"Borchert JN, Tappero JW, Downing R, Shoemaker T, Behumbiize P, Aceng J, et al. Rapidly building global health security capacity--Uganda demonstration project, 2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014 Jan 31;63(4):73\u20136."},{"key":"18714","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kayiwa J, Kasule J, Ario A, Sendagire S, Homsy J, Lubwama B, et al. Conducting the Joint External Evaluation in Uganda: The Process and Lessons Learned. Health Secur. 2019 Jun 1;17:174\u201380.","DOI":"10.1089\/hs.2018.0137"},{"key":"18715","unstructured":"JEE_2021 Uganda Mult-sectoral Self-Assessment Report_26Oct2021 (2) (1).pdf [Internet]. [cited 2023 Feb 17]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cphl.go.ug\/sites\/default\/files\/2022-07\/JEE_2021%20Uganda%20Mult-sectoral%20Self-Assessment%20Report_26Oct2021%20%282%29%20%281%29.pdf."},{"key":"18716","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LI YH, CHEN SP. Evolutionary history of Ebola virus. Epidemiol Infect. 2014 Jun;142(6):1138\u201345.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268813002215"},{"key":"18717","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shoemaker T, MacNeil A, Balinandi S, Campbell S, Wamala JF, McMullan LK, et al. Reemerging Sudan Ebola Virus Disease in Uganda, 2011 - Volume 18, Number 9\u2014September 2012 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC. [cited 2022 Nov 10]; Available from: https:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/eid\/article\/18\/9\/11-1536_article.","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1809.111536"},{"key":"18718","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albari\u00f1o CG, Shoemaker T, Khristova ML, Wamala JF, Muyembe JJ, Balinandi S, et al. Genomic analysis of filoviruses associated with four viral hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2012. Virology. 2013;442(2):97\u2013100.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.04.014"},{"key":"18719","unstructured":"Sudan Ebolavirus \u2013 Experts deliberations. Candidate treatments prioritization and trial design discussions [Internet]. [cited 2023 May 18]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/sudan-ebolavirus---experts-deliberations.--candidate-treatments-prioritization-and-trial-design-discussions."},{"key":"18720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alonso PL. The Role of Mass Drug Administration of Antimalarials. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020 Aug;103(2 Suppl):1\u20132.","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0729"},{"key":"18721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edwards HM, Counihan H, Bonnington C, Achan J, Hamade P, Tibenderana JK. The impact of malaria coinfection on Ebola virus disease outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE. 2021 May 24;16(5):e0251101.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251101"},{"key":"18722","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Mass drug administration for falciparum malaria: a practical field manual [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. Available from: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/259367."},{"key":"18723","unstructured":"Nyenswah T, Fahnbulleh M, Massaquoi M, Nagbe T, Bawo L, Falla JD, et al. Ebola Epidemic \u2014 Liberia, March\u2013October 2014. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014 Nov 21;63(46):1082\u20136."},{"key":"18724","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fallah MP, Skrip LA, Enders J. Preventing rural to urban spread of Ebola: lessons from Liberia. The Lancet. 2018 Jul 28;392(10144):279\u201380.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31435-1"},{"key":"18725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De St. Maurice A, Ervin E, Orone R, Choi M, Dokubo EK, Rollin PE, et al. Care of Ebola Survivors and Factors Associated With Clinical Sequelae\u2014Monrovia, Liberia. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018 Oct 1;5(10):ofy239.","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy239"},{"key":"18726","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiffany A, Vetter P, Mattia J, Dayer JA, Bartsch M, Kasztura M, et al. Ebola Virus Disease Complications as Experienced by Survivors in Sierra Leone. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2016 Jun 1;62(11):1360\u20136.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw158"},{"key":"18727","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shrivastava SR, Shrivastava PS, Ramasamy J. Ebola disease: Infection prevention and control in hospital and community settings. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2015;20(4):526\u20137.","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-9066.161010"},{"key":"18728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okello G, Izudi J, Teguzirigwa S, Kakinda A, Van Hal G. Findings of a Cross-Sectional Survey on Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices about COVID-19 in Uganda: Implications for Public Health Prevention and Control Measures. Jiang W, editor. BioMed Res Int. 2020 Dec 4;2020:1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5917378"}],"container-title":["Journal of Public Health in Africa"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publichealthinafrica.org\/index.php\/jphia\/article\/viewFile\/128\/146","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publichealthinafrica.org\/index.php\/jphia\/article\/viewFile\/128\/147","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publichealthinafrica.org\/index.php\/jphia\/article\/viewFile\/128\/146","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T14:19:03Z","timestamp":1733840343000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publichealthinafrica.org\/index.php\/jphia\/article\/view\/128"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/jphia.2023.2735","relation":{},"ISSN":["2038-9930","2038-9922"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2038-9930","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2038-9922","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]]}}}