{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T05:28:33Z","timestamp":1792819713648,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"PAGEPress Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648425600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Monaldi Arch Chest Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study was conducted to assess the clinical characteristics, causative agents, complications, and outcomes of infective endocarditis (IE) among patients presenting to our tertiary care center over the last decade. This retrospective cohort study included all adult patients admitted to the Aga Khan University Hospital with the diagnosis of IE over a ten-year period from 2010 to 2020. \u00a0Outcomes variables included complications during hospitalization, surgical intervention, mortality, and length of stay. We identified a total of 305 cases out of which 176 (58%) were males and 129 (42%) were females. The mean age of the patients was 46.9\u00b118.8 years. 95 (31%) had prosthetic valves in place. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in 54 (39%) patients followed by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus in 23 (17%). Echocardiography revealed vegetations and abscesses in 236 (77%) and 4 (1%) patients, respectively. The most common valvular complication was mitral valve regurgitation found in 26 (9%) patients, followed by tricuspid valve regurgitation in 13 (4%) patients and aortic valve regurgitation in 11 (3%) patients. Furthermore, 81 (27%) patients suffered from heart failure and 66 (22%) from a stroke during hospitalization. The mean hospital length of stay was 10.4 \u00b1 10.6 days. 64 (21%) patients required surgical repair and the overall mortality rate was 25%. Prosthetic valve endocarditis (OR = 3.74, 95% CI = 2.15-6.50, p&lt;0.001), chronic kidney disease (OR = 2.51, 95% CI = 1.15-5.47, p=0.036), previous stroke (OR = 2.42, 95% CI = 1.18-4.96, p=0.026), and ischemic heart disease (OR = 3.04, 95% CI = 1.50-6.16, p=0.003) were significantly associated with an increased risk of mortality. In conclusion, our study provided valuable data on the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with IE in a developing country. S. aureus was the most common causative agent. Heart failure and stroke were the most common complications. The presence of prosthetic valves, history of chronic kidney disease, ischemic heart disease and previous stroke were associated with a significantly increased risk of mortality. Surgical management was not associated with improved outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4081\/monaldi.2022.2212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T09:01:33Z","timestamp":1648544493000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Etiology, clinical characteristics, and outcome of infective endocarditis: 10-year experience from a tertiary care center in Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.4081","author":[{"given":"Sara Salim","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imran Ahmed","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Ayaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ainan","family":"Arshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Awais","family":"Farhad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bushra","family":"Jamil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Rizwan","family":"Sohail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2549","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"15912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill EE, Herijgers P, Herregods MC, Peetermans WE. 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Int J Infect Dis 2004;8:163\u201370.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2004.02.001"},{"key":"15923","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li L, Wang H, Wang L, et al. Changing profile of infective endocarditis: A clinicopathologic study of 220 patients in a single medical center from 1998 through 2009. Tex Heart Inst J 2014;41:491\u20138.","DOI":"10.14503\/THIJ-13-3468"},{"key":"15924","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizk HH, Elamragy AA, Youssef GS, et al. Clinical features and outcomes of infective endocarditis in Egypt: an 11-year experience at a tertiary care facility. Egypt Heart J 2019;71:17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s43044-019-0018-y"},{"key":"15925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tirumala Naresh A, Rajasekhar D, Vanajakshamma V, et al. Clinical profile and outcome of infective endocarditis in a tertiary care centre: Retrospective study. 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