{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T08:30:16Z","timestamp":1765960216096,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"PAGEPress Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648166400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Monaldi Arch Chest Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Smoking tobacco is associated with lung cancer and other life-threatening diseases which requires serious action to curb it. Tobacco cessation interventions are available as pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods or a combination of both. The present review examines the effectiveness of the existing non-pharmacological tobacco cessation interventions and synthesizes the result for the future development of drug-free treatment in the community for tobacco cessation. The literature search was conducted in August 2020, using two electronic databases (PubMed and JSTOR), with search terms: [\u2018tobacco cessation\u2019 OR \u2018smoking cessation\u2019] AND [\u2018intervention\u2019] which included studies published during 2010 and 2020 (till 31st July 2020). All studies were limited to English language, human participants and excluded patients with comorbidities. A total of 2,114 publications were retrieved out of which 11 articles were reviewed. On the basis of intervention used in reviewed studies, we categorized them into seven categories: i. incentive-based intervention, ii. exercise based, iii. telephone-based proactive counselling, iv. mobile phone SMS (Short Message Service) based, v. smartphone app (application) based, vi. web-based intervention, vii. self-help material. Incentives were provided in most of the studies to maintain the retention rate and motivate the participants for completing follow-up. Non-pharmacological interventions for tobacco cessation include a combination of various elements. Our findings suggest that behavioural counselling is one of the most important elements of any non-pharmacological intervention. In addition to behaviour counselling, yoga and exercises along with self-help material, video and phone counselling may have higher efficacy. Thus, practicing non-pharmacological interventions may also increase the cessation rate and reduce the tobacco use burden.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4081\/monaldi.2022.2229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T08:59:58Z","timestamp":1648198798000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Non-pharmacological interventions for tobacco cessation: A systematic review of existing practices and their effectiveness"],"prefix":"10.4081","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8741-2187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shyam Kanhaiya","family":"Saroj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tushti","family":"Bhardwaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2549","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"15734","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008: the MPOWER package. 2008. Available from: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/43818"},{"key":"15735","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Tobacco. 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/tobacco"},{"key":"15736","unstructured":"Indiatimes [Internet]. World No Tobacco Day: India is home to 12% of the world\u2019s smokers, 10 lakh die every year! 2018. [cited 2021 Dec 31]. Available from: https:\/\/www.indiatimes.com\/health\/buzz\/world-no-tobacco-day-india-is-home-to-12-of-the-world-s-smokers-10-lakh-die-every-year-346482.html"},{"key":"15737","unstructured":"Global Adult Tobacco Survey. Global Adult Tobacco Survey GATS 2 India 2016-2017 Report. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. 2017."},{"key":"15738","unstructured":"World Health Organization. India tobacco factsheet 2018 R4. 2018 Available from: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/272672\/wntd_2018_india_fs.pdf?sequence=1"},{"key":"15739","unstructured":"Foundation for a Smoke-Free World [Internet]. The Tobacco Epidemic in India - Foundation for smokefree world. 2019. [cited 2022 Jan 8]. Available from: https:\/\/www.smokefreeworld.org\/tobacco-epidemic-india\/"},{"key":"15740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahluwalia IB, Tripp AL, Dean AK, et al. Tobacco smoking cessation and quitline use among adults aged \u226515 years in 31 countries: Findings from the global adult tobacco survey. Am J Prevent Med 2021;60:S128\u201335.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.04.029"},{"key":"15741","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Training for tobacco quit line counsellors: telephone counselling. 2014. Available from: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/113145"},{"key":"15742","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castaldelli-Maia JM, Harutyunyan A, Herbec A, et al. Tobacco dependence treatment for special populations: challenges and opportunities. Braz J Psychiatry 2021;43:75\u201382.","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2019-0782"},{"key":"15743","unstructured":"CASP C. CASP qualitative checklist. Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. 2018."},{"key":"15744","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang G-S, Jung H-S, Yi Y, et al. Smoking cessation intervention using stepwise exercise incentives for male workers in the workplace. J Public Health 2012;24:82\u201390.","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539510370991"},{"key":"15745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bottorff JL, Oliffe JL, Sarbit G, et al. Evaluation of quitnow men: An online, men-centered smoking cessation intervention. J Med Internet Res 2016;18:e83.","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.5076"},{"key":"15746","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bock BC, Dunsiger SI, Rosen RK, et al. Yoga as a complementary therapy for smoking cessation: Results from BreathEasy, a randomized clinical trial. Nicotine Tob Res 2019;21:1517\u201323.","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nty212"},{"key":"15747","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danaher BG, Tyler MS, Crowley RC, et al. Outcomes and device usage for fully automated internet Interventions designed for a smartphone or personal computer: The MobileQuit smoking cessation randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2019;21:e13290.","DOI":"10.2196\/13290"},{"key":"15748","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bricker JB, Mull KE, Kientz JA, et al. Randomized, controlled pilot trial of a smartphone app for smoking cessation using acceptance and commitment therapy. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014;143:87\u201394.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.07.006"},{"key":"15749","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bricker J, Wyszynski C, Comstock B, Heffner JL. Pilot randomized controlled trial of web-based acceptance and commitment therapy for smoking cessation. Nicotine Tob Res 2013;15:1756\u201364.","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntt056"},{"key":"15750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu SH, Cummins SE, Wong S, et al. The effects of a multilingual telephone quitline for Asian smokers: A randomized controlled trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012;104:299\u2013310.","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djr530"},{"key":"15751","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Myung S-K, Seo HG, Park EC, et al. An observational study of the Korean proactive quitline service for smoking cessation and relapse prevention. Public Health Rep 1974;126:583-90.","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491112600415"},{"key":"15752","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gram IT, Larbi D, Wangberg SC. Comparing the efficacy of an identical, tailored smoking cessation intervention delivered by mobile text messaging versus email: Randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2019;7:e12137.","DOI":"10.2196\/12137"},{"key":"15753","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bindhim NF, McGeechan K, Trevena L. Smartphone Smoking Cessation application (SSC App) trial: A multicountry double-blind automated randomised controlled trial of a smoking cessation decision-aid \u201capp.\u201d BMJ Open 2018;8:e017105.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017105"},{"key":"15754","unstructured":"Junnual N, Chaikoolvatana A, Suebsamran P, et al. Evaluation of quit-calendar in smoking cessation at Sapasithiprasong hospital, Ubon Ratchathani. 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Are financial incentives cost\u2010effective to support smoking cessation during pregnancy? Addiction 2016;111:360\u201370.","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13160"},{"key":"15760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christie B. Scottish NHS offers cash to get smokers to quit. BMJ 2009;338:b1306.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b1306"},{"key":"15761","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allan C, Radley A, Williams B. Paying the price for an incentive: An exploratory study of smokers\u2019 reasons for failing to complete an incentive based smoking cessation scheme. J Health Serv Res Policy 2012;17:212\u20138.","DOI":"10.1258\/jhsrp.2012.011084"},{"key":"15762","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klinsophon T, Thaveeratitham P, Sitthipornvorakul E, Janwantanakul P. Effect of exercise type on smoking cessation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. 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Nicotine Tob Res 2020;22:1086\u201397.","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntz132"},{"key":"15767","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glasgow RE, Mullooly JP, Vogt TM, et al. Biochemical validation of smoking status: pros, cons, and data from four low-intensity intervention trials. Addict Behav 1993;18:511\u201327.","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(93)90068-K"},{"key":"15768","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lillard DR, Plassmann V, Kenkel D, Mathios A. Who kicks the habit and how they do it: socioeconomic differences across methods of quitting smoking in the USA. Social Sci Med 2007;64:2504\u201319.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.02.036"},{"key":"15769","unstructured":"Smith DK, Miller DE, Mounsey A. PURLs: \u201cCold turkey\u201d works best for smoking cessation. J Family Pract 2017;66:174\u20136."},{"key":"15770","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Toolkit for oral health professionals to deliver brief tobacco interventions in primary care. 2017. 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