{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T12:09:11Z","timestamp":1747224551904,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"PAGEPress Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]],"date-time":"2022-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656028800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Monaldi Arch Chest Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected different countries in a differential manner. The host susceptibility and host factors are important parameters for this variability. This study aimed to assess the effect of tuberculosis (TB) endemicity and Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) coverage on COVID-19. Available data regarding TB incidence, BCG coverage (as per the World Health Organization), and COVID-19 incidence of 168 countries as of 19th September 2021. Countries were divided into four cohorts based upon annual TB incidence and BCG coverage and COVID-19 incidence and case fatality rates were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Countries with low TB incidence and low BCG coverage had the highest COVID-19 incidence per lac population. However, no significant difference was seen in COVID-19 cases fatality rate. Higher TB incidence and BCG coverage were associated with lesser incidence of COVID-19. This result paves the way for research into pathogenesis and host immune response in COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4081\/monaldi.2022.2281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T08:59:40Z","timestamp":1656406780000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Tuberculosis endemicity and BCG vaccination: Protection against COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.4081","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9970-3712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarun Krishna","family":"Boppana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7979-6405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saurabh","family":"Mittal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karan","family":"Madan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anant","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5820-3685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijay","family":"Hadda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6258-2160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Randeep","family":"Guleria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2549","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pahuja S, Madan M, Mittal S, et al. Weather parameters and COVID-19: A Correlational analysis. J Occup Environ Med 2021;63:69\u201373.","key":"18599","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000002082"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madan M, Pahuja S, Mohan A, et al. TB infection and BCG vaccination: are we protected from COVID-19? Public Health 2020;185:91\u20132.","key":"18600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.05.042"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller A, Reandelar MJ, Fasciglione K, et al. Correlation between universal BCG vaccination policy and reduced morbidity and mortality for COVID-19: an epidemiological study. medRxiv 2020.03.24.20042937.","key":"18601","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.24.20042937"},{"unstructured":"World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Accessed: 2021 Oct 22. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019","key":"18602"},{"unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Report. Accessed: 2021 Oct 22. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-tuberculosis-programme\/tb-reports","key":"18603"},{"unstructured":"Worldometer [Internet]. Coronavirus Cases (Live). Accessed: 5 September 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/coronavirus\/","key":"18604"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyadova IV, Panteleev AV. Th1 and Th17 cells in tuberculosis: Protection, pathology, and biomarkers. Mediators Inflamm 2015;2015:1\u201313.","key":"18605","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/854507"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boppana TK, Mohan A, Madan K, et al. Candidate immunomodulators for COVID-19: Heat-killed Mycobacterium w and BCG vaccine. Adv Respir Med 2021;89:350-1.","key":"18606","DOI":"10.5603\/ARM.a2021.0043"},{"unstructured":"Prompetchara E, Ketloy C, Palaga T. Immune responses in COVID-19 and potential vaccines: Lessons learned from SARS and MERS epidemic. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 2020;38:1\u20139.","key":"18607"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Tsilika M, Moorlag S, et al. Activate: Randomized clinical trial of BCG vaccination against infection in the elderly. Cell 2020;183:315-323.e9.","key":"18608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.051"},{"unstructured":"Clinicaltrials.gov [Internet]. Identifier: NCT04475302, BCG vaccine in reducing morbidity and mortality in elderly individuals in COVID-19 hotspots in India; 2020 Jul 17 [cited 2022 May 16]. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04475302","key":"18609"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madan M, Baldwa B, Raja A, et al. Impact of latent tuberculosis on severity and outcomes in admitted COVID-19 patients. Cureus 2021;13:e19882.","key":"18610","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.19882"}],"container-title":["Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.monaldi-archives.org\/index.php\/macd\/article\/download\/2281\/1472","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.monaldi-archives.org\/index.php\/macd\/article\/download\/2281\/1472","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T08:59:52Z","timestamp":1656406792000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.monaldi-archives.org\/index.php\/macd\/article\/view\/2281"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]]},"references-count":12,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/monaldi.2022.2281","relation":{},"ISSN":["2532-5264","1122-0643"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2532-5264"},{"type":"print","value":"1122-0643"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]]}}}