{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:51:44Z","timestamp":1791381104877,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"PAGEPress Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Monaldi Arch Chest Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive respiratory disorder characterized by persistent inflammation, airway remodeling, and irreversible airflow limitation. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a critical role in angiogenesis and exerts antiapoptotic effects on endothelial cells. The -2549 insertion\/deletion (I\/D) polymorphism in the promoter region of the VEGF gene has been reported to modulate gene expression and may influence disease susceptibility. This case-control study aimed to investigate the association between the VEGF -2549 I\/D polymorphism and susceptibility to COPD, including its relationship with clinical parameters. A total of 100 COPD patients and 100 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were genotyped for the VEGF -2549 I\/D variant using polymerase chain reaction following DNA extraction from peripheral blood samples. Chi-square tests were employed to assess allelic and genotypic frequencies, while logistic regression was used to analyze associations with demographic and clinical factors. The DD genotype was more prevalent among COPD patients, and differences were observed in lung function (FEV\u2081), COPD Assessment Test scores, and Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease classification; however, these associations were not statistically significant after adjustment for confounders. Subgroup analysis showed variations in genotype associations among male subjects and smokers, although these findings were not statistically significant. Overall, these findings do not demonstrate a significant association between the VEGF -2549 I\/D polymorphism and COPD susceptibility. The observed subgroup and clinical patterns may warrant further investigation in larger studies, particularly in genetically diverse populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4081\/monaldi.2026.3638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T12:57:20Z","timestamp":1791377840000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of the -2549 insertion\/deletion polymorphism in the promoter region of vascular endothelial growth factor towards chronic obstructive pulmonary disease susceptibility and clinical factors in the North Indian population"],"prefix":"10.4081","author":[{"given":"Armandeep","family":"Kaur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heena","family":"Kansal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishal","family":"Chopra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College, Patiala"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kranti","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College, Patiala"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siddharth","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2549","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"88185","unstructured":"GBD Chronic Respiratory Disease Collaborators. Prevalence and attributable health burden of chronic respiratory diseases, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Respir Med 2020;8:585-96."},{"key":"88186","unstructured":"Hersh CP, DeMeo DL, Silverman EK. National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT): genotype-phenotype interactions in COPD. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2006;3:475-7."},{"key":"88187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeMeo DL, Silverman EK. Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. 2: genetic aspects of alpha(1)-antitrypsin deficiency: phenotypes and genetic modifiers of emphysema risk. Thorax 2004;59:259-64.","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2003.006502"},{"key":"88188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salvi SS, Barnes PJ. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in non-smokers. Lancet 2009;374:733-43.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61303-9"},{"key":"88189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peinado VI, Barber\u00e0 JA, Ramirez J, et al. Endothelial dysfunction in pulmonary arteries of patients with mild COPD. Am J Physiol 1999;276:L908-13.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.1998.274.6.L908"},{"key":"88190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos S, Peinado VI, Ram\u00edrez J, et al. Characterization of pulmonary vascular remodelling in smokers and patients with mild COPD. Eur Respir J 2002;19:632-8.","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.02.00245902"},{"key":"88191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrara N, Gerber HP, LeCouter J. The biology of VEGF and its receptors. Nat Med 2003;9:669-76.","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0603-669"},{"key":"88192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thickett DR, Armstrong L, Christie SJ, Millar AB. Vascular endothelial growth factor may contribute to increased vascular permeability in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164:1601-5.","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.9.2011071"},{"key":"88193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerber HP, McMurtrey A, Kowalski J, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor regulates endothelial cell survival through the phosphatidylinositol 3\u2032-kinase\/Akt signal transduction pathway. J Biol Chem 1998;273:30336-43.","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.46.30336"},{"key":"88194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanazawa H, Hirata K, Yoshikawa J. Imbalance between vascular endothelial growth factor and endostatin in emphysema. Eur Respir J 2003;22:609-12.","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00030403"},{"key":"88195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forsythe JA, Jiang BH, Iyer NV, et al. Activation of vascular endothelial growth factor gene transcription by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Mol Cell Biol 1996;16:4604-13.","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.16.9.4604"},{"key":"88196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brogan IJ, Khan N, Isaac K, et al. Novel polymorphisms in the promoter and 5\u2032UTR regions of the human vascular endothelial growth factor gene. Hum Immunol 1999;60:1245-9.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0198-8859(99)00132-9"},{"key":"88197","unstructured":"Sharma NK, Tripathi M, Ghosh S, et al. Association of VEGF genetic variants with vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Sci 2012;323:117-21."},{"key":"88198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahbazi M, Fryer AA, Pravica V, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor gene polymorphisms are associated with acute renal allograft rejection. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002;13:260-4.","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V131260"},{"key":"88199","unstructured":"Lee JY, Park CS, Ihm CH, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor gene polymorphisms in Korean patients with ischemic stroke. J Mol Neurosci 2005;27:241-5."},{"key":"88200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasahara Y, Tuder RM, Cool CD, et al. Endothelial cell death and decreased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 in emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:737-44.","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.3.2002117"},{"key":"88201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasahara Y, Tuder RM, Taraseviciene-Stewart L, et al. Inhibition of VEGF receptors causes lung cell apoptosis and emphysema. J Clin Invest 2000;106:1311-9.","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI10259"},{"key":"88202","unstructured":"Tantisira KG, Litonjua AA, Weiss ST. Fetal origins hypothesis: maternal diet and asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;170:273-4."},{"key":"88203","unstructured":"Kim YH, Lee JH, Park CS, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor gene polymorphisms associated with the risk of ischemic stroke. J Mol Neurosci 2008;35:244-9."}],"container-title":["Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.monaldi-archives.org\/macd\/article\/download\/3638\/2288","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.monaldi-archives.org\/macd\/article\/download\/3638\/2288","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T12:57:30Z","timestamp":1791377850000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.monaldi-archives.org\/macd\/article\/view\/3638"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"references-count":19,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/monaldi.2026.3638","relation":{},"ISSN":["2532-5264","1122-0643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2532-5264","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1122-0643","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]}}}