{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T20:22:50Z","timestamp":1768594970337,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,3]],"date-time":"2016-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this study is to determine the growth parameters and nutritional biochemical markers and complications of fortification of human milk by post discharge formula of preterm very low birth weight newborns (VLBW). Fifty preterm infants less than 37 weeks with weight less than 1500 g were enrolled in the study. They received parental nutrition and feeding according to our protocol. When enteral feeding reached 100 cc\/kg\/day, infants were randomized into two groups: group I, Cases, n=25, where post discharge formula (PDF) was used for fortification, group II, Controls, n=25 with no fortification. Infants of both groups were given 50% of required enteral feeding as premature formula. This protocol was used until infants\u2019 weight reached 1800 g. Daily weight, weekly length and head circumference were recorded. Hemoglobin, albumin (Alb), electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and clinical complications were documented. Human milk fortification with PDF resulted in better growth with increase in weight 16.8 and 13.78 g\/kg\/day (P=0.0430), length 0.76 and 0.58 cm\/week (P=0.0027), and head circumference of 0.59 and 0.5 cm\/week (P=0.0217) in cases and controls respectively. Duration of hospital stay was less in cases (22.76 versus 28.52 days in Controls), P=0.02. No significant changes were found in serum electrolytes, BUN, or Alb between both groups. Hemoglobin was significantly higher in Cases, P=0.04. There were no significant clinical complications. Our feeding protocol of fortification of human milk with PDF in preterm very low birth weight newborns resulted in better growth and decrease in length of hospital stay. The use of PDF could be an alternative option for fortification of mothers\u2019 milk for preterm VLBW infants in developing countries with low resources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4081\/pr.2016.6632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,3]],"date-time":"2016-10-03T14:33:20Z","timestamp":1475505200000},"page":"6632","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Post Discharge Formula Fortification of Maternal Human Milk of Very Low Birth Weight Preterm Infants: an Introduction of a Feeding Protocol in a University Hospital"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Abeer","family":"El Sakka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sami","family":"El Shimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kareem","family":"Salama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hend","family":"Fayez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1974","article-title":"Randomized trial of donor human milk versus preterm formula as substitutes for mothers\u2019 own milk in the feeding of extremely premature infants","volume":"116","author":"Schanler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Handbook of milk composition","first-page":"225","article-title":"Effects of gestational age at delivery on human milk components","author":"Atkinson","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)93304-8","article-title":"Breast milk and neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"336","author":"Lucas","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Breast feeding handbook for physicians","first-page":"217","article-title":"Chapter 14: Breastfeeding and human milk for preterm infants","author":"Schanler","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(84)90096-3","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in milk composition of mothers delivering preterm and term infants","volume":"9","author":"Butte","year":"1984","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.59.9.831","article-title":"Preterm milk as a source of protein for low birthweight infants","volume":"59","author":"Lucas","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Pediatric Nutrition. 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