{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:28:22Z","timestamp":1787030902246,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Qualitative Research in Medicine & Healthcare"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"DOI":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T08:16:38Z","timestamp":1726733798000},"page":"11519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The four Cs of physician leadership: A key to academic physician success"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"8","author":[{"suffix":"II","given":"R. Thomas","family":"Collins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neha J.","family":"Purkey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meenu","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan D.","family":"DeSantis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rania A.","family":"Sanford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.11.004","article-title":"Leadership in health care for the 21st century: challenges and opportunities","volume":"127","author":"Arroliga","year":"2014","journal-title":"The American Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Attar, M., & Abdul-Kareem, A. (2020). Agile business leadership methods for industry 4.0. 171\u2013191.","DOI":"10.1108\/978-1-80043-380-920201011"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0184522","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184522","article-title":"Medical leaders or masters?\u2014A systematic review of medical leadership in hospital settings","volume":"12","author":"Berghout","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib4","series-title":"The managerial grid","author":"Blake","year":"1964"},{"key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib5","series-title":"Leading at a higher level","author":"Blanchard","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib6","series-title":"Leadership","author":"Burns","year":"1978"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002487","article-title":"Characteristics of effective mentorship for academic surgeons","volume":"269","author":"Cochran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annals of Surgery"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1108\/LODJ-06-2022-0299","article-title":"The Leadership\/Management Concept Scale: differentiating between actions constituting leadership and management","volume":"44","author":"Collins","year":"2023","journal-title":"Leadership & Organization Development Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1097\/JHM-D-21-00036","article-title":"Physician understanding of and beliefs about leadership","volume":"67","author":"Collins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Healthcare Management"},{"key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riob.2011.09.007","article-title":"Adaptive leadership theory: Leading and following as a complex adaptive process","volume":"31","author":"DeRue","year":"2011","journal-title":"Research in Organizational Behavior"},{"key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib11","article-title":"Leadership and academic medicine: Preparing medical students and residents to be effective leaders for the 21st century","volume":"14","author":"Dickerman","year":"2018","journal-title":"MedEdPORTAL"},{"key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.2147\/AMEP.S155731","article-title":"Integration of leadership training into a problem\/case-based learning program for first- and second-year medical students","volume":"9","author":"Ginzburg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Advances in Medical Education and Practice"},{"key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib13","series-title":"The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative success","author":"Glaser","year":"1967"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib14","first-page":"78","article-title":"Leadership that gets results","volume":"78","author":"Goleman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Harvard Business Review"},{"key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib15","series-title":"The servant as leader","author":"Greenleaf","year":"1977"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib16","first-page":"26","article-title":"Life cycle theory of leadership","volume":"23","author":"Hersey","year":"1969","journal-title":"Training and Development Journal"},{"key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib17","series-title":"Management of organizational behavior: Utilizing human resources","author":"Hersey","year":"1977"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.28.3.315","article-title":"Leadership: Perspectives in theory and research","volume":"28","author":"Jago","year":"1982","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib19","first-page":"33","article-title":"Skills of an effective administrator","volume":"33","author":"Katz","year":"1955","journal-title":"Harvard Business Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib20","first-page":"271","article-title":"Patterns of aggressive behavior in experimentally created social climates","volume":"10","author":"Lewin","year":"1939","journal-title":"Journal of Social Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000001813","article-title":"Leadership development programs at academic health centers: Results of a national survey","volume":"93","author":"Lucas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Academic Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2022.06.010","article-title":"Do pediatrician interpersonal and personality characteristics affect patient experience?","volume":"23","author":"Martin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Academic Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S1048-9843(99)00041-7","article-title":"Leadership skills for a changing world: Solving complex social problems","volume":"11","author":"Mumford","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Leadership Quarterly"},{"key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406919899220","article-title":"Intercoder reliability in qualitative research: Debates and practical guidelines","volume":"19","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Qualitative Methods"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.10.1103","article-title":"How physicians can change the future of health care","volume":"297","author":"Porter","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1108\/JHOM-05-2015-0079","article-title":"First and foremost, physicians: The clinical versus leadership identities of physician leaders","volume":"30","author":"Quinn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Health Organization and Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1504\/EJCCM.2021.116890","article-title":"Leadership in the VUCA world - a systematic literature review and its link to intercultural competencies","volume":"5","author":"Rath","year":"2021","journal-title":"European Journal of Cross-Cultural Competence and Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-017-0995-z","article-title":"Goleman\u2019s leadership styles at different hierarchical levels in medical education","volume":"17","author":"Saxena","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Medical Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2015.01.012","article-title":"Impact of organizational leadership on physician burnout and satisfaction","volume":"90","author":"Shanafelt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mayo Clinic Proceedings"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2015.08.023","article-title":"Changes in burnout and satisfaction with work-life balance in physicians and the general US working population between 2011 and 2014","volume":"90","author":"Shanafelt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mayo Clinic Proceedings"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.10.004","article-title":"Executive leadership and physician well-being: Nine organizational strategies to promote engagement and reduce burnout","volume":"92","author":"Shanafelt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mayo Clinic Proceedings"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-018-6320-z","article-title":"Surgeon leadership style and risk-adjusted patient outcomes","volume":"33","author":"Shubeck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surgical Endoscopy"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2022.08.003","article-title":"The big five: Studying the surgical personality","volume":"172","author":"Sier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2333393618799571","article-title":"Selecting a grounded theory approach for nursing research","volume":"5","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Global Qualitative Nursing Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000005645","article-title":"Surgeons\u2019 leadership style and team behavior in the hybrid operating room","volume":"278","author":"Soenens","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annals of Surgery"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e31829ed496","article-title":"Evolution of faculty affairs and faculty development offices in U.S. medical schools","volume":"88","author":"Sonnino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Academic Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-004-7439-8","article-title":"Building our future: A plea for leadership","volume":"28","author":"Souba","year":"2004","journal-title":"World Journal of Surgery"},{"key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib38","series-title":"Leader behavior: Its description and measurement","author":"Stogdill","year":"1957"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2013.10.012","article-title":"Leadership models in health care - a case for servant leadership","volume":"89","author":"Trastek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mayo Clinic Proceedings"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.11157\/fohpe.v23i1.544","article-title":"Inductive content analysis: A guide for beginning qualitative researchers","volume":"23","author":"Vears","year":"2022","journal-title":"Focus on Health Professional Education: A Multi-Professional Journal"},{"issue":"7774","key":"10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1466-y","article-title":"A national experiment reveals where a growth mindset improves achievement","volume":"573","author":"Yeager","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Qualitative Research in Medicine & Healthcare"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.pagepressjournals.org\/qrmh\/article\/download\/11519\/12348","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2532204425000085?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2532204425000085?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.pagepressjournals.org\/qrmh\/article\/download\/11519\/12347","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T09:04:54Z","timestamp":1753952694000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2532204425000085"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S2532204425000085"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519","relation":{},"ISSN":["2532-2044"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2532-2044","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The four Cs of physician leadership: A key to academic physician success","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Qualitative Research in Medicine & Healthcare","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/qrmh.2024.11519","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2024 KeAi Communications Co. Ltd. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V.Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"11519"}}