{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T08:08:08Z","timestamp":1788854888055,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"PAGEPress Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["RES PSYCHOTHER-PSYCH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examined client-therapist alliance congruence as a predictor of psychological well-being among 104 Filipino psychotherapy dyads. Descriptive analysis showed that although most dyads had non-identical ratings, 55.8% fell within the conservative broad agreement band; among dyads outside this band, therapist-higher discrepancies were more common. Client- and therapist-rated alliances were analyzed using polynomial regression with response surface analysis (RSA) to model both congruent and incongruent alliance effects on client psychological well-being. Treatment length, treatment interval, therapist professional maturity, and client symptom severity were included as covariates. Results indicated a significant positive linear effect along the line of alliance congruence, such that a mutually perceived alliance was associated with greater psychological well-being. In contrast, significant curvature along the line of incongruence (LOIC) showed that discrepancies between therapist and client alliance ratings were associated with lower well-being, with increasing mismatch predicting progressively poorer outcomes. The findings suggest that therapist and client alliance perceptions should not be treated as interchangeable and that their dyadic alignment provides clinically meaningful information beyond either perspective alone. These results are discussed in relation to alliance monitoring, client feedback, and culturally responsive psychotherapy practice in the Filipino context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4081\/ripppo.2026.896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T08:33:58Z","timestamp":1785486838000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Are we on the same page? Examining client-therapist alliance congruence and psychological well-being"],"prefix":"10.4081","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"John Robert","family":"Rilveria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2549","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"36236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aafjes-van Doorn, K., Spina, D. S., Horne, S. J., & B\u00e9k\u00e9s, V. (2024). The association between quality of therapeutic alliance and treatment outcomes in teletherapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 110, 102430. doi: 10.1016\/j.cpr.2024.102430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2024.102430"},{"key":"36237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alejo, A. E. (2018). Loob as relational interiority: A contribution to the philosophy of the human person. Social Transformations: Journal of the Global South, 6(1), 29-53.","DOI":"10.13185\/2866"},{"key":"36238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atzil-Slonim, D., & Tschacher, W. (2020). Dynamic dyadic processes in psychotherapy: Introduction to a special section. Psychotherapy Research, 30(5), 555-557. doi: 10.1080\/10503307.2019.1662509","DOI":"10.1080\/10503307.2019.1662509"},{"key":"36239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barkham, M., De Jong, K., Delgadillo, J., & Lutz, W. (2023). Routine outcome monitoring (ROM) and feedback: Research review and recommendations. Psychotherapy Research: Journal of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, 33(7), 841-855. doi: 10.1080\/10503307.2023.2181114","DOI":"10.1080\/10503307.2023.2181114"},{"key":"36240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (2016). Mentalization-based treatment for personality disorders: A practical guide. Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093\/med:psych\/9780199680375.001.0001","DOI":"10.1093\/med:psych\/9780199680375.001.0001"},{"key":"36241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, R., Bar-Kalifa, E., Sade, A., & Ziv-Beiman, S. (2022). Client-therapist congruence in session-helpfulness ratings and its association with therapy outcomes. Psychotherapy Research: Journal of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, 32(4), 484-496. doi: 10.1080\/10503307.2021.1974598","DOI":"10.1080\/10503307.2021.1974598"},{"key":"36242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clarke, P. J., Marshall, V. W., Ryff, C. D., & Wheaton, B. (2001). Measuring psychological well-being in the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. International Psychogeriatrics, 13(Supp 1), 79-90. doi: 10.1017\/s1041610202008013","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610202008013"},{"key":"36243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dazzi, F., Shafer, A., & Lauriola, M. (2016). Meta-analysis of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale - Expanded (BPRS-E) structure and arguments for a new version. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 81, 140-151. doi: 10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.07.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.07.001"},{"key":"36244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Malta, G., Vos, J., Bond, J., van Rijn, B., & Cooper, M. (2025). Relational depth as predictor of mental health outcomes in psychotherapy: Random intercept cross-lagged analyses. Psychotherapy Research: Journal of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, 1-12. doi: 10.1080\/10503307.2025.2551073","DOI":"10.1080\/10503307.2025.2551073"},{"key":"36245","unstructured":"Enriquez, V. G. (1978). Kapwa: A core concept in Filipino social psychology. Philippine Social Sciences and Humanities Review, 42, 100-108."},{"key":"36246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falkenstr\u00f6m, F., Hatcher, R. L., & Holmqvist, R. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis of the patient version of the Working Alliance Inventory\u2014Short Form Revised. Assessment, 22(5), 581-593. doi: 10.1177\/1073191114552472","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191114552472"},{"key":"36247","unstructured":"Fonagy, P., & Luyten, P. (2018). Attachment, mentalizing, and the self. In W. J. Livesley & R. Larstone (Eds.), Handbook of personality disorders: Theory, research, and treatment (2nd ed., pp. 123-140). The Guilford Press."},{"key":"36248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gergov, V., Lindberg, N., Lahti, J., Lipsanen, J., & Marttunen, M. (2021). Effectiveness and predictors of outcome for psychotherapeutic interventions in clinical settings among adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 628977. doi: 10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.628977","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.628977"},{"key":"36249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldstein, L. A., Adler Mandel, A. D., DeRubeis, R. J., & Strunk, D. R. (2020). Outcomes, skill acquisition, and the alliance: Similarities and differences between clinical trial and student therapists. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 129, 103608. doi: 10.1016\/j.brat.2020.103608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2020.103608"},{"key":"36250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hatcher, R. L., & Gillaspy, J. A. (2006). Development and validation of a revised short version of the working alliance inventory. Psychotherapy Research, 16(1), 12-25. doi: 10.1080\/10503300500352500","DOI":"10.1080\/10503300500352500"},{"key":"36251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hofmann, A. B., Schmid, H. M., Jabat, M., Brackmann, N., Noboa, V., Bobes, J., Garcia-Portilla, M. P., Seifritz, E., Vetter, S., & Egger, S. T. (2022). Utility and validity of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) as a transdiagnostic scale. Psychiatry Research, 314, 114659. doi: 10.1016\/j.psychres.2022.114659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2022.114659"},{"key":"36252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00f8genhaug, S. S., Kongerslev, M. T., & Kjaersdam Tell\u00e9us, G. (2024). The role of interpersonal coordination dynamics in alliance rupture and repair processes in psychotherapy: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1291155. doi: 10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1291155","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1291155"},{"key":"36253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, H.-Y., Hsu, T.-L., Lee, K., & Wolff, L. (2017). Evaluating the construct validity of Ryff\u2019s scales of psychological well-being using exploratory structural equation modeling. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 35(6), 633-638. doi: 10.1177\/0734282916652756","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282916652756"},{"key":"36254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Javier, R. E. (2017). Ang tao sa ka-taw-an at sa ka-tau-han: Paguugnay sa pagpapakatao, pakikipagkapuwa-tao, at pagkatao. Malay, 30(1), 70-85.","DOI":"10.59588\/2243-7851.1144"},{"key":"36255","unstructured":"Khanjani, M., Shahidi, S., Fathabadi, J., Mazaheri, M. A., & Shokri, O. (2014). Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Ryff\u2019s scale of Psychological well-being, short form (18-item) among male and female students. Thoughts and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 9(32), 27-36."},{"key":"36256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraiss, J., Redelinghuys, K., & Weiss, L. A. (2022). The effects of psychological interventions on well-being measured with the mental health continuum: A meta-analysis. Journal of Happiness Studies, 23(7), 3655-3689. doi: 10.1007\/s10902-022-00545-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-022-00545-y"},{"key":"36257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, T. S., Sun, H. F., & Chiang, H. H. (2019). Development and validation of the short-form Ryff's psychological well-being scale for clinical nurses in Taiwan. Journal of Medical Sciences, 39(4), 157-62. doi: 10.4103\/jmedsci.jmedsci_191_18","DOI":"10.4103\/jmedsci.jmedsci_191_18"},{"key":"36258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ligon, J., & Thyer, B. A. (2000). Interrater reliability of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale used at a community-based inpatient crisis stabilization unit. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(4), 583-587. doi: 10.1002\/(sici)1097-4679(200004)56:4<583::aid-jclp12>3.0.co;2-u","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4679(200004)56:4<583::AID-JCLP12>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"key":"36259","unstructured":"Maku Orleans-Pobee, R. C. (2020). The therapeutic alliance in integrated coping awareness therapy [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of North Carolina]. doi: 10.17615\/sbyf-5t40"},{"key":"36260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McAleavey, A. A., de Jong, K., Nissen-Lie, H. A., Boswell, J. F., Moltu, C., & Lutz, W. (2024). Routine outcome monitoring and clinical feedback in psychotherapy: Recent advances and future directions. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 51(3), 291-305. doi: 10.1007\/s10488-024-01351-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-024-01351-9"},{"key":"36261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munder, T., Wilmers, F., Leonhart, R., Linster, H. W., & Barth, J. (2010). Working Alliance Inventory-Short Revised (WAI-SR): Psychometric properties in outpatients and inpatients. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 17(3), 231-239. doi: 10.1002\/cpp.658","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.658"},{"key":"36262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muran, J. C., Lipner, L. M., Podell, S., & Reinel, M. (2022). Rupture repair as change process and therapist challenge (Reparaci\u00f3n de rupturas como proceso de cambio y desaf\u00edo para el terapeuta). Studies in Psychology, 43(3), 482-509. doi: 10.1080\/02109395.2022.2127234","DOI":"10.1080\/02109395.2022.2127234"},{"key":"36263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nordmo, M., Monsen, J. T., H\u00f8glend, P. A., & Solbakken, O. A. (2021). Investigating the dose-response effect in open-ended psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research: Journal of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, 31(7), 859-869. doi: 10.1080\/10503307.2020.1861359","DOI":"10.1080\/10503307.2020.1861359"},{"key":"36264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Overall, J. E., & Gorham, D. R. (1962). Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) [Database record]. APA PsycTests. doi: 10.1037\/t01554-000","DOI":"10.1037\/t01554-000"},{"key":"36265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paap, D., & Dijkstra, P. U. (2017). Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form Revised. Journal of Physiotherapy, 63(2), 118. doi: 10.1016\/j.jphys.2017.01.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2017.01.001"},{"key":"36266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pe-Pua, R., & Protacio-Marcelino, E. A. (2000). Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino psychology): A legacy of Virgilio G. Enriquez. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 3, 49-71. doi: 10.1111\/1467-839X.00054","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-839X.00054"},{"key":"36267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prusi\u0144ski, T. (2022). The strength of alliance in individual psychotherapy and patient\u2019s wellbeing: The relationships of the therapeutic alliance to psychological wellbeing, satisfaction with life, and flourishing in adult patients attending individual psychotherapy. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 827321. doi: 10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.827321","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.827321"},{"key":"36268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prusi\u0144ski, T. (2024). Consensus on alliance quality in the psychotherapeutic dyad and its differentiating effect on treatment outcomes in patients with adjustment disorders. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy: On the Cutting Edge of Modern Developments in Psychotherapy, 54(1), 1-8. doi: 10.1007\/s10879-023-09591-w","DOI":"10.1007\/s10879-023-09591-w"},{"key":"36269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reyes, J. (2015). Lo\u00f3b and Kapwa: An introduction to a Filipino virtue ethics. Asian Philosophy, 25(2), 148-171. doi: 10.1080\/09552367.2015.1043173","DOI":"10.1080\/09552367.2015.1043173"},{"key":"36270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rilveria, J. R. C. (2024). Towards a culturally sensitive model of therapeutic alliance: Exploring the role of Filipino values and shared realities. Philippine Social Science Journal, 6(4), 19-32. doi: 10.52006\/main.v6i4.875","DOI":"10.52006\/main.v6i4.875"},{"key":"36271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719-727. doi: 10.1037\/0022-3514.69.4.719","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.69.4.719"},{"key":"36272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sagui-Henson, S. J., Welcome Chamberlain, C. E., Smith, B. J., Li, E. J., Castro Sweet, C., & Altman, M. (2022). Understanding components of therapeutic alliance and well-being from use of a global digital mental health benefit during the COVID-19 pandemic: Longitudinal observational study. Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science, 7(4), 439-450. doi: 10.1007\/s41347-022-00263-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s41347-022-00263-5"},{"key":"36273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saxler, E., Schindler, T., Philipsen, A., Schulze, M., & Lux, S. (2024). Therapeutic alliance in individual adult psychotherapy: A systematic review of conceptualizations and measures for face-to-face- and online-psychotherapy. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1293851. doi: 10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1293851","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1293851"},{"key":"36274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seewald, A., & Rief, W. (2024). Therapist\u2019s warmth and competence increased positive outcome expectations and alliance in an analogue experiment. Psychotherapy Research: Journal of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, 34(5), 663-678. doi: 10.1080\/10503307.2023.2241630","DOI":"10.1080\/10503307.2023.2241630"},{"key":"36275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tetzlaff, M., Bruins, J., & Castelein, S. (2025). Associated factors of the quality of therapeutic alliance in people with severe mental illnesses: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 122, 102656. doi: 10.1016\/j.cpr.2025.102656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2025.102656"},{"key":"36276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tschuschke, V., Koemeda-Lutz, M., von Wyl, A., Crameri, A., & Schulthess, P. (2022). The impact of clients\u2019 and therapists\u2019 characteristics on therapeutic alliance and outcome. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy: On the Cutting Edge of Modern Developments in Psychotherapy, 52(2), 145-154. doi: 10.1007\/s10879-021-09527-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10879-021-09527-2"},{"key":"36277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wampold, B. E., & Flu\u0308ckiger, C. (2023). The alliance in mental health care: Conceptualization, evidence and clinical applications. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 22(1), 25-41. doi: 10.1002\/wps.21035","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21035"},{"key":"36278","unstructured":"West, S. G., Finch, J. F., & Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues and applications. SAGE Publications."},{"key":"36279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whelen, M. L., Ezawa, I. D., & Strunk, D. R. (2023). Congruence in patient and therapist-rated alliance predicts subsequent depressive symptoms in cognitive behavioral therapy for depression. Psychotherapy Research: Journal of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, 33(6), 719-728. doi: 10.1080\/10503307.2022.2156304","DOI":"10.1080\/10503307.2022.2156304"},{"key":"36280","unstructured":"Yacat, J. A., de Villa, C., Clemente, J. A., & Toledo, J. (2009). Filipino social relationships: Surfacing underlying themes of ibang tao\/hindi ibang tao [Conference paper]. 46th PAP Annual Convention, Silliman University, Dumaguete City, Philippines."},{"key":"36281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zilcha-Mano, S., & Muran, J. C. (2024). Thinking transtheoretically about alliance and rupture: Implications for practice and training. Clinical Psychology in Europe, 6(Spec Issue), e12439. doi: 10.32872\/cpe.12439","DOI":"10.32872\/cpe.12439"}],"container-title":["Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchinpsychotherapy.org\/rpsy\/article\/download\/896\/843","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchinpsychotherapy.org\/rpsy\/article\/download\/896\/849","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchinpsychotherapy.org\/rpsy\/article\/download\/896\/843","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T07:31:40Z","timestamp":1788852700000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchinpsychotherapy.org\/rpsy\/article\/view\/896"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/ripppo.2026.896","relation":{},"ISSN":["2239-8031","2499-7552"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2239-8031","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2499-7552","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]}}}