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In particular, PD negatively impacts the quality of life (QOL) of young females and is the main reason behind their absenteeism from school or work. It is suggested that increased intrauterine secretion of prostaglandins F2\u03b1 and E2 are responsible for the pelvic pain associated with this disorder. Its associated symptoms are physical and\/or psychological. Its physical symptoms include headache, lethargy, sleep disturbances, tender breasts, various body pains, disturbed appetite, nausea, vomiting, constipation or diarrhea, and increased urination, whereas its psychological symptoms include mood disturbances, such as anxiety, depression, and irritability. While its diagnosis is based on patients\u2019 history, symptoms, and physical examination, its treatment aims to improve the QOL through the administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, hormonal contraceptives, and\/or the use of non-pharmacological aids (e.g., topical heat application and exercise). Patients must be monitored to measure their response to treatment, assess their adherence, observe potential side effects, and perform further investigations, if needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4082\/kjfm.21.0103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]],"date-time":"2022-03-17T03:53:01Z","timestamp":1647489181000},"page":"101-108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4082\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":254,"title":["Primary Dysmenorrhea: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment 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