{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T08:24:56Z","timestamp":1770279896955,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"11-12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Context<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data on the early to midlife effects of repetitive neurotrauma on patient-reported outcomes have been delimited to homogeneous samples of male athletes without comparison groups or accounting for modifying factors such as physical activity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the effect of contact or collision sport participation and repetitive neurotrauma on patient-reported outcomes among early to middle-aged adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Research laboratory.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients or Other Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 113 adults (53 [46.9%] men, 60 [53.1%] women; age = 34.88 \u00b1 11.80 years) in 4 groups: (1) physically inactive individuals with no repetitive head impact (RHI) exposure (NON); (2) noncontact sport athletes and nonathletes with no RHI exposure who were currently physically active (NCA); (3) former high-risk sport athletes with an RHI history who were physically active (HRS); and (4) former rugby players with prolonged RHI exposure who remained physically active.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s)<\/jats:title><jats:p>The 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12), Apathy Evaluation Scale\u2013self-rated version (AES-S), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), and Sport Concussion Assessment Tool\u20135th Edition (SCAT5) Symptom and Symptom Severity Checklist.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The NON group had worse self-rated physical function than the NCA group as assessed by the SF-12 physical component summary (P = .03) and worse self-rated apathy (AES-S) and satisfaction with life (SWLS) than the NCA (P = .03 for both) and HRS groups (P = .03 and P = .040, respectively). We observed no group differences for self-rated mental health (SF-12 mental component summary; P = .26) or symptoms (SCAT5; P = .42). Career duration was not associated with any patient-reported outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>A history of contact or collision sport participation and career duration did not negatively affect patient-reported outcomes in physically active, early to middle-aged adults. However, physical inactivity status was negatively associated with patient-reported outcomes in these individuals in the absence of an RHI history.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0017.23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T19:42:30Z","timestamp":1678736550000},"page":"952-961","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Contact or Collision Sport History, Repetitive Neurotrauma, and Patient-Reported Outcomes in Early to Midadulthood"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Katherine J.","family":"Hunzinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia"},{"name":"\u2020Penn Injury Science Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaclyn B.","family":"Caccese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2021School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebekah","family":"Mannix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00a7Divisions of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, MA"},{"name":"\u00b6The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"William P.","family":"Meehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2016Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"},{"name":"\u00b6The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA"},{"name":"#Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, MA"},{"name":"**Pediatrics and Orthopedics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. Buz","family":"Swanik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2020\u2020Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark"},{"name":"\u2021\u2021Interdisciplinary Program in Biomechanics and Movement Science, University of Delaware, Newark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2020\u2020Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark"},{"name":"\u2021\u2021Interdisciplinary Program in Biomechanics and Movement Science, University of Delaware, Newark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2557","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"(2)","key":"2023121723525790600_i1062-6050-58-11-952-b01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01541-7","article-title":"The natural history of sport-related concussion in collegiate athletes: findings from the NCAA-DoD CARE Consortium","volume":"52","author":"Broglio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"2023121723525790600_i1062-6050-58-11-952-b02","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000898","article-title":"High-school football and midlife brain health problems","volume":"32","author":"Iverson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"2023121723525790600_i1062-6050-58-11-952-b03","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.3930","article-title":"Division III collision sports are not associated with neurobehavioral quality of life","volume":"33","author":"Meehan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"(19)","key":"2023121723525790600_i1062-6050-58-11-952-b04","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1908483","article-title":"Neurodegenerative disease mortality among former professional soccer players","volume":"381","author":"Mackay","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"2023121723525790600_i1062-6050-58-11-952-b05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102085","article-title":"The relationships between rugby union, and health and well-being: a scoping review","volume":"55","author":"Griffin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"(4)","key":"2023121723525790600_i1062-6050-58-11-952-b06","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1159\/000223730","article-title":"Exercise and mental health: many reasons to move","volume":"59","author":"Deslandes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"issue":"(8)","key":"2023121723525790600_i1062-6050-58-11-952-b07","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494818791405","article-title":"The social and psychological health outcomes of team sport participation in adults: an integrative review of research","volume":"47","author":"Andersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"2023121723525790600_i1062-6050-58-11-952-b08","first-page":"1419","article-title":"Mental health and wellbeing of retired elite and amateur rugby players and non-contact athletes and associations with sports-related concussion: The UK Rugby Health Project","volume":"52","author":"Hind","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"(5)","key":"2023121723525790600_i1062-6050-58-11-952-b09","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2015.1086819","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of symptoms of common mental disorders in retired professional Rugby Union players","volume":"16","author":"Gouttebarge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"issue":"(7)","key":"2023121723525790600_i1062-6050-58-11-952-b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2018.1466914","article-title":"A 12-month prospective cohort study of symptoms of common mental disorders among professional rugby players","volume":"18","author":"Gouttebarge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"issue":"(7)","key":"2023121723525790600_i1062-6050-58-11-952-b11","first-page":"e793","article-title":"Late contributions of repetitive head impacts and TBI to depression symptoms and cognition","volume":"95","author":"Alosco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"2023121723525790600_i1062-6050-58-11-952-b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002802","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment and dementia reported by former professional football players over 50 yr of age: an NFL-LONG Study","volume":"54","author":"Walton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"(9)","key":"2023121723525790600_i1062-6050-58-11-952-b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002657","article-title":"Age of first exposure to collision sports does not affect patient reported outcomes in women and men community rugby players","volume":"53","author":"Hunzinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"(18)","key":"2023121723525790600_i1062-6050-58-11-952-b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011850","article-title":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke consensus diagnostic criteria for traumatic encephalopathy syndrome","volume":"96","author":"Katz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"2023121723525790600_i1062-6050-58-11-952-b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09855-3","article-title":"Exercise\/physical activity and health outcomes: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews","volume":"20","author":"Posadzki","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"2023121723525790600_i1062-6050-58-11-952-b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-016-0432-4","article-title":"The associations between sedentary behaviour and mental health among adolescents: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Hoare","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"issue":"(10248)","key":"2023121723525790600_i1062-6050-58-11-952-b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30367-6","article-title":"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission","volume":"396","author":"Livingston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023121723525790600_i1062-6050-58-11-952-b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727089","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.727089","article-title":"Age of first exposure to contact and collision sports and later in life brain health: a narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Iverson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2023121723525790600_i1062-6050-58-11-952-b19","unstructured":"Laws of the game. World Rugby. Published 2020. Accessed April 30, 2020. https:\/\/laws.worldrugby.org\/?law=showallbynumbers&language=EN"},{"issue":"(9)","key":"2023121723525790600_i1062-6050-58-11-952-b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.2403","article-title":"Association of field position and career length with risk of neurodegenerative disease in male former professional soccer players","volume":"78","author":"Russell","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"2023121723525790600_i1062-6050-58-11-952-b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4413","article-title":"Cumulative head impact exposure predicts later-life depression, apathy, executive dysfunction, and cognitive impairment in former high school and college football players","volume":"34","author":"Montenigro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"2023121723525790600_i1062-6050-58-11-952-b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2022.12.004","article-title":"Effects of contact\/collision sport history on gait in early to mid-adulthood","volume":"12","author":"Hunzinger","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"key":"2023121723525790600_i1062-6050-58-11-952-b23","unstructured":"Trending topic: physical activity guidelines. American College of Sports Medicine. Published 2020. Accessed December 2, 2021. https:\/\/www.acsm.org\/education-resources\/trending-topics-resources\/physical-activity-guidelines"},{"issue":"(9)","key":"2023121723525790600_i1062-6050-58-11-952-b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1236","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.197","article-title":"Age of first exposure to American football and long-term neuropsychiatric and cognitive outcomes","volume":"7","author":"Alosco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"2023121723525790600_i1062-6050-58-11-952-b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199603000-00003","article-title":"A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity","volume":"34","author":"Ware","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"2023121723525790600_i1062-6050-58-11-952-b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(91)90040-V","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Apathy Evaluation Scale [in Japanese]","volume":"38","author":"Kasai","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2023121723525790600_i1062-6050-58-11-952-b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-2354-4_5","article-title":"Review of the Satisfaction With Life Scale","volume-title":"Assessing Well-Being: The Collected Works of Ed Diener","author":"Pavot","year":"2009"},{"issue":"(11)","key":"2023121723525790600_i1062-6050-58-11-952-b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097506","article-title":"The Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 5th Edition (SCAT5): background and rationale","volume":"51","author":"Echemendia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"(4)","key":"2023121723525790600_i1062-6050-58-11-952-b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546517749588","article-title":"Investigating effects of sex differences and prior concussions on symptom reporting and cognition among adolescent soccer players","volume":"46","author":"Brooks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2023121723525790600_i1062-6050-58-11-952-b30","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"2023121723525790600_i1062-6050-58-11-952-b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0229978","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229978","article-title":"The association between adolescent football participation and early adulthood depression","volume":"15","author":"Deshpande","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"(17)","key":"2023121723525790600_i1062-6050-58-11-952-b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-105045","article-title":"Under-representation of female athletes in research informing influential concussion consensus and position statements: an evidence review and synthesis","volume":"56","author":"D\u2019Lauro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Athletic Training"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/58\/11-12\/952\/3301260\/i1062-6050-58-11-952.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/58\/11-12\/952\/3301260\/i1062-6050-58-11-952.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T19:02:02Z","timestamp":1749668522000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/attr\/58\/11-12\/article-p952.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11-12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4085\/1062-6050-0017.23","relation":{},"ISSN":["1938-162X","1062-6050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1938-162X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1062-6050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]}}}