{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,14]],"date-time":"2026-11-14T22:14:09Z","timestamp":1794694449836,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title\/><jats:sec><jats:title>Context<\/jats:title><jats:p>The King-Devick (K-D) test is used to identify oculomotor impairment after concussion. However, the diagnostic accuracy of the K-D test over time has not been evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To (1) examine the sensitivity and specificity of the K-D test at 0 to 6 hours postinjury, 24 to 48 hours postinjury, the beginning of a return-to-play (RTP) protocol (asymptomatic), unrestricted RTP, and 6 months postconcussion and (2) compare outcomes between athletes with and those without concussion across confounding factors (sex, age, sport contact level, academic year, learning disorder, attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, migraine history, concussion history, and test administration mode).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective, cross-sectional design.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multiple institutions in the Concussion Assessment, Research and Education Consortium.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients or Other Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 320 athletes with a concussion (162 men, 158 women; age = 19.80 \u00b1 1.41 years) were compared with 1239 total collegiate athletes without a concussion (646 men, 593 women; age = 20.31 \u00b1 1.18 years).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s)<\/jats:title><jats:p>We calculated the K-D test time difference (in seconds) by subtracting the baseline from the most recent time. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the curve (AUC) analyses were used to determine the diagnostic accuracy across time points. We identified cutoff scores and corresponding specificity at both the 80% and 70% sensitivity levels. We repeated ROC with AUC analyses using confounding factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The K-D test predicted positive results at the 0- to 6-hour (AUC = 0.724, P &amp;lt; .001), 24- to 48-hour (AUC = 0.701, P &amp;lt; .001), RTP (AUC = 0.640, P &amp;lt; .001), and 6-month postconcussion (AUC = 0.615, P &amp;lt; .001) tim points but not at the asymptomatic time point (AUC = 0.513, P = .497). The 0- to 6-hour and 24- to 48-hour time points yielded 80% sensitivity cutoff scores of \u22122.6 and \u22123.2 seconds (ie, faster), respectively, but 46% and 41% specificity, respectively. The K-D test had a better AUC when administered using an iPad (AUC = 0.800, 95% CI = 0.747, 0.854) compared with the spiral-bound card system (AUC = 0.646, 95% CI = 0.600, 0.692; P &amp;lt; .001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The diagnostic accuracy of the K-D test was greatest at 0 to 6 hours and 24 to 48 hours postconcussion but declined across subsequent postconcussion time points. The AUCs did not differentiate between groups across confounding factors. Our negative cutoff scores indicated that practice effects contributed to improved performance, requiring athletes to outperform their baseline scores.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0063.21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T15:12:35Z","timestamp":1635433955000},"page":"97-105","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["King-Devick Sensitivity and Specificity to Concussion in Collegiate Athletes"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Rachel Khinh","family":"Le","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justus","family":"Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2020Department of Kinesiology and Recreation Administration, Humboldt University, Arcata, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara P.","family":"Chrisman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2021Seattle Children's Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony P.","family":"Kontos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00a7Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2016Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas W.","family":"Kaminski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2016Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Briana P.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00b6Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Clugston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"#Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, University Athletic Association, University of Florida, Gainesville"},{"name":"**Department of Neurology, University Athletic Association, University of Florida, Gainesville"},{"name":"\u2020\u2020Division of Sports Health, University Athletic Association, University of Florida, Gainesville"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua T.","family":"Goldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2021\u2021Department of Family Medicine, University of California Los Angeles"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"McAllister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00a7\u00a7Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"McCrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00b6Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven P.","family":"Broglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2016\u2016Michigan Concussion Center, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julianne D.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2557","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041117272377000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dessy AM, Yuk FJ, Maniya AY, et al. 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