{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:12:52Z","timestamp":1790691172153,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"\n Objective<\/jats:title>\n Sport-related concussion (SRC) is an evolving public health concern among youth athletes. Despite emerging evidence that race and ethnicity are important factors in determining concussion outcomes, studies examining race and ethnicity are limited. We conducted a systematic review to (1) determine the prevalence of SRC studies in which participants\u2019 race or ethnicity is reported, (2) describe how race and ethnicity are used within each study, and (3) assess predictive factors for the reporting of race and ethnicity.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Data Sources<\/jats:title>\n PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, and CINAHL databases.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study Selection<\/jats:title>\n Study inclusion criteria were (1) primary and peer-reviewed research; (2) related to the diagnosis, treatment, or recovery of SRC; (3) involving school-aged athletes (ages 5 to 25); and (4) with 25 or more participants. The search was performed in March 2021 and included only studies published after March 2013.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Data Extraction<\/jats:title>\n For each article, we looked at whether race and ethnicity were reported, and if so, which races or ethnicities were mentioned. For each race or ethnicity mentioned, we extracted the corresponding sample size and how they were used as variables in the study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Data Synthesis<\/jats:title>\n Of 4583 studies screened, 854 articles met inclusion criteria. Of the included articles, 132 (15.5%) reported race, and 65 (7.6%) reported ethnicity, whereas 721 (84.4%) reported neither. When examining the demographic characteristics of the 132 studies that reported race, 69.8% of athletes were White. Additionally, 79.5% of these studies used race solely as a demographic descriptor as opposed to a main exposure or covariate of interest. Studies published more recently were more likely to report race. Further, studies in specific study or journal topics and specific geographic locations of the authors were more likely to report race.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Reporting of race and ethnicity is limited in current SRC literature. Future authors should improve the reporting of race and ethnicity, diversify study samples by focusing on enrolling athletes from underrepresented groups, and consider the potential effect of race and ethnicity as social determinants of health on risk factors, recovery, and long-term sequelae after SRC.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0072.23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T16:41:14Z","timestamp":1687538474000},"page":"354-362","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Systematic Review Examining the Reporting of Race and Ethnicity in Sport-Related Concussion Studies"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Aaron M.","family":"Yengo-Kahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt Sport Concussion Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen L.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt Sport Concussion Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, Athletic Training Program, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malini","family":"Anand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trevor","family":"Anesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Brewer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, Athletic Training Program, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carter","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William Franklin","family":"Hefley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuri","family":"St. Julien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan R.","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott L.","family":"Zuckerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt Sport Concussion Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas P.","family":"Terry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt Sport Concussion Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"i1062-6050-59-4-354-b01","series-title":"Clin Spine Surg","first-page":"191","article-title":"Sports-related concussion in children and adolescents","volume":"30","author":"Refakis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Refakis\n CA,\n \n \n Turner\n CD,\n \n \n Cahill\n PJ.\n \n \n Sports-related concussion in children and adolescents. 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Br J Sports Med. 2009;43(suppl 1):i46\u2013i50. doi:10.1136\/bjsm.2009.058172"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1062-6050-59-4-354-b11","series-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc","first-page":"64","article-title":"Athletes\u2019 age, sex, and years of education moderate the acute neuropsychological impact of sports-related concussion: a meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Dougan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dougan\n BK,\n \n \n Horswill\n MS,\n \n \n Geffen\n GM.\n \n \n Athletes\u2019 age, sex, and years of education moderate the acute neuropsychological impact of sports-related concussion: a meta-analysis. 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Curr Sports Med Rep. 2014;13(6):390\u2013394. doi:10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000104"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1062-6050-59-4-354-b13","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"76","article-title":"Sex differences in concussion symptoms of high school athletes","volume":"46","author":"Frommer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Frommer\n LJ,\n \n \n Gurka\n KK,\n \n \n Cross\n KM,\n \n \n Ingersoll\n CD,\n \n \n Comstock\n RD,\n \n \n Saliba\n SA.\n \n \n Sex differences in concussion symptoms of high school athletes. J Athl Train. 2011;46(1):76\u201384. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-46.1.76"},{"issue":"7","key":"i1062-6050-59-4-354-b14","series-title":"JAMA Pediatr","first-page":"647","article-title":"Concussion symptoms and return to play time in youth, high school, and college American football athletes","volume":"170","author":"Kerr","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kerr\n ZY,\n \n \n Zuckerman\n SL,\n \n \n Wasserman\n EB,\n \n \n Covassin\n T,\n \n \n Djoko\n A,\n \n \n Dompier\n TP.\n \n \n Concussion symptoms and return to play time in youth, high school, and college American football athletes. JAMA Pediatr. 2016;170(7):647\u2013653. doi:10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.0073"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1062-6050-59-4-354-b15","series-title":"Sports Health","first-page":"41","article-title":"Sex differences in time to return-to-play progression after sport-related concussion","volume":"9","author":"Stone","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stone\n S,\n \n \n Lee\n B,\n \n \n Garrison\n JC,\n \n \n Blueitt\n D,\n \n \n Creed\n K.\n \n \n Sex differences in time to return-to-play progression after sport-related concussion. Sports Health. 2017;9(1):41\u201344. doi:10.1177\/1941738116672184"},{"key":"i1062-6050-59-4-354-b16","article-title":"National Collegiate Athletic Association","author":"NCAA demographics database","year":"2021","unstructured":"NCAA demographics database\n . National Collegiate Athletic Association. Published 2021. 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