{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:24:38Z","timestamp":1791908678235,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Guardian Caps (GCs) are currently the most popular external helmet add-on designed to reduce the magnitude of head impacts experienced by American football players. Guardian Caps have been endorsed by influential professional organizations; however, few studies evaluating their efficiency are publicly available.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To present preliminary on-field head kinematics data for National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I American football players using instrumented mouthguards through closely matched preseason workouts with and without GCs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Case series.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The 2022 American football preseason.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Patients or Other Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Twenty-five male NCAA Division I student-athletes participating in American football completed some portion of the 6 workouts included in this study. Of the 25 participants, 7 completed all 6 workouts using their instrumented mouthguards.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s)<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Peak linear acceleration (PLA), peak angular acceleration (PAA), and total impacts were collected via instrumented mouthguards during 3 preseason workouts using traditional helmets (TRAD condition) and 3 using a TRAD and GCs (GC condition). The TRAD and GC values for PLA, PAA, and total impacts were evaluated using analyses of variance.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>No difference was present between the collapsed mean values for the entire sample between the TRAD and GC conditions for PLA (TRAD = 16.3g \u00b1 2.0g, GC = 17.2g \u00b1 3.3g, P = .20), PAA (TRAD = 992.1 \u00b1 209.2 rad\/s2, GC = 1029.4 \u00b1 261.1 rad\/s2, P = .51), or the total number of impacts (TRAD = 9.3 \u00b1 4.7, GC = 9.7 \u00b1 5.7, P = .72). Similarly, no difference was observed between the TRAD and GC conditions for PLA (TRAD = 16.1g \u00b1 1.2g, GC = 17.2g \u00b1 2.79g, P = .32), PAA (TRAD = 951.2 \u00b1 95.4 rad\/s2, GC = 1038.0 \u00b1 166.8 rad\/s2, P = .29), or total impacts (TRAD = 9.6 \u00b1 4.2, GC = 9.7 \u00b1 5.04, P = .32) between sessions for the 7 players who completed all 6 workouts.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>These data suggested no difference in head kinematics data (PLA, PAA, and total impacts) when GCs were worn. Therefore, GCs may not be effective in reducing the magnitude of head impacts experienced by NCAA Division I American football players.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0136.23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T23:35:56Z","timestamp":1695339356000},"page":"594-599","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Preliminary Examination of Guardian Cap Head Impact Kinematics Using Instrumented Mouthguards"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Kristen G.","family":"Quigley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"* Neuromechanics Laboratory, School of Public Health, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dustin","family":"Hopfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"* Neuromechanics Laboratory, School of Public Health, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madison","family":"Fenner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"* Neuromechanics Laboratory, School of Public Health, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Pavilionis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"* Neuromechanics Laboratory, School of Public Health, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincentia","family":"Owusu-Amankonah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"* Neuromechanics Laboratory, School of Public Health, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Islas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2020 School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas G.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"* Neuromechanics Laboratory, School of Public Health, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2557","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2024062523513335000_i1938-162X-59-6-594-b01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2019.9105","article-title":"The epidemiology of sport-related concussion: what the rehabilitation clinician needs to know","volume":"49","author":"Gardner","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024062523513335000_i1938-162X-59-6-594-b02","first-page":"197","article-title":"Repetitive head impacts affect mediolateral postural sway entropy in the absence of vision following a competitive athletic season: preliminary findings","volume":"5","author":"Szekely","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024062523513335000_i1938-162X-59-6-594-b03","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.01.034","article-title":"Biomechanical correlates of symptomatic and asymptomatic neurophysiological impairment in high school football","volume":"45","author":"Breedlove","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024062523513335000_i1938-162X-59-6-594-b04","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1512","article-title":"Functionally-detected cognitive impairment in high school football players without clinically-diagnosed concussion","volume":"31","author":"Talavage","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2024062523513335000_i1938-162X-59-6-594-b05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7049743","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7049743","article-title":"A review of instrumented equipment to investigate head impacts in sport","volume":"2016","author":"Patton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl Bionics Biomech"},{"key":"2024062523513335000_i1938-162X-59-6-594-b06","article-title":"Guardian Caps: what\u2019s the impact","author":"Jenny","year":"2017","journal-title":"JTRM Kinesiol"},{"key":"2024062523513335000_i1938-162X-59-6-594-b07","unstructured":"Standard performance specification for newly manufactured football helmets. National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment. 2017. Accessed December 6, 2022. https:\/\/nocsae.org\/wp-ontent\/uploads\/2018\/05\/1501096770ND00217m17aMfrdFBHelmetsStandardPerformance.pdf"},{"key":"2024062523513335000_i1938-162X-59-6-594-b08","unstructured":"Guardian Caps.\n          \n          Guardian Sports. Accessed January 9, 2023. https:\/\/guardiansports.com\/guardian-caps\/"},{"key":"2024062523513335000_i1938-162X-59-6-594-b09","unstructured":"NFL: use of guardian caps helped reduce number of concussions during training camp. NFL Player Health and Safety. September 19, 2022. Accessed September 15, 2022. https:\/\/www.nbcsports.com\/nfl\/profootballtalk\/rumor-mill\/news\/nfl-says-positions-wearing-guardian-caps-saw-52-decrease-in-concussions#:\u223c:text=According%20to%20Miller%2C%20there%20has,Guardian%20Caps%20weren't%20worn"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024062523513335000_i1938-162X-59-6-594-b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-52.6.01","article-title":"The ability of an aftermarket helmet add-on device to reduce impact-force accelerations during drop tests","volume":"52","author":"Breedlove","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"2024062523513335000_i1938-162X-59-6-594-b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-023-03169-2","article-title":"Padded helmet shell covers in American football: a comprehensive laboratory evaluation with preliminary on-field findings","author":"Cecchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng. Published"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024062523513335000_i1938-162X-59-6-594-b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-019-02335-9","article-title":"Repetitive head impact exposure in college football following an NCAA rule change to eliminate two-a-day preseason practices: a study from the NCAA-DoD CARE Consortium","volume":"47","author":"Stemper","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"2024062523513335000_i1938-162X-59-6-594-b13","unstructured":"2022\u201323 NCAA Division I manual. National Collegiate Athletic Association. Published September 14, 2022. Accessed January 9, 2023. https:\/\/www.ncaapublications.com\/productdownloads\/D123.pdf"},{"issue":"20","key":"2024062523513335000_i1938-162X-59-6-594-b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2022-105523","article-title":"Ready for impact? A validity and feasibility study of instrumented mouthguards (iMGs)","volume":"56","author":"Jones","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2024062523513335000_i1938-162X-59-6-594-b15","unstructured":"Edmonds\n              C.\n            \n          \n          NFL Guardian Caps: how do they work? NBC DFW. Published August 4, 2022. Accessed September 15, 2022. https:\/\/www.nbcdfw.com\/news\/sports\/what-is-the-nfl-guardian-cap-and-how-does-it-work\/3040516\/"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024062523513335000_i1938-162X-59-6-594-b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2814","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-021-02853-5","article-title":"Identifying factors associated with head impact kinematics and brain strain in high school American football via instrumented mouthguards","volume":"49","author":"Cecchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024062523513335000_i1938-162X-59-6-594-b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182792ed7","article-title":"Head impact exposure sustained by football players on days of diagnosed concussion","volume":"45","author":"Beckwith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024062523513335000_i1938-162X-59-6-594-b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-021-02842-8","article-title":"Laboratory evaluation of shell add-on products for American football helmets for professional linemen","volume":"49","author":"Bailey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024062523513335000_i1938-162X-59-6-594-b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0062.21","article-title":"National Athletic Trainers\u2019 Association position statement: reducing intentional head-first contact behavior in American football players","volume":"57","author":"Swartz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024062523513335000_i1938-162X-59-6-594-b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.0210","article-title":"Incidence of concussion during practice and games in youth, high school, and collegiate American football players","volume":"169","author":"Dompier","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"}],"container-title":["Journal of Athletic Training"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/59\/6\/594\/3390671\/i1938-162x-59-6-594.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/59\/6\/594\/3390671\/i1938-162x-59-6-594.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T19:00:21Z","timestamp":1749668421000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/attr\/59\/6\/article-p594.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4085\/1062-6050-0136.23","relation":{},"ISSN":["1938-162X","1062-6050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1938-162X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1062-6050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]}}}