{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T01:24:41Z","timestamp":1794273881883,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) involves inconsistent symptoms, presenting a challenge for medical providers to diagnose and treat. Thoracic outlet syndrome is defined as a compression injury to the brachial plexus, subclavian artery or vein, or axillary artery or vein occurring between the cervical spine and upper extremity. Three common subcategories are now used for clinical diagnosis: neurogenic, arterial, and venous. Postural position and repetitive motions such as throwing, weightlifting, and manual labor can lead to symptoms. Generally, TOS is considered a diagnosis of exclusion for athletes due to the poor accuracy of clinical testing, including sensitivity and specificity. Thus, determining a definitive diagnosis and reporting injury is difficult. Current literature suggests there is not a gold standard diagnostic test. Rehabilitation has been shown to be a vital component in the recovery process for neurogenic TOS and for arterial TOS and venous TOS in postoperative situations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0138.22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T20:01:00Z","timestamp":1721851260000},"page":"683-695","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Current Clinical Concepts: Rehabilitation of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Greg","family":"Hock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine Physical Therapy, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Barber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Physical Performance, University of Rochester, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassidy","family":"Papa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-683-b01","series-title":"J Occup Rehabil","first-page":"366","article-title":"Thoracic outlet syndrome: definition, aetiological factors, diagnosis, management and occupational impact","volume":"21","author":"Laulan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Laulan\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Fouquet\n              B,\n            \n            \n              Rodaix\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Jauffret\n              P,\n            \n            \n              Roquelaure\n              Y,\n            \n            \n              Descatha\n              A.\n            \n          \n          Thoracic outlet syndrome: definition, aetiological factors, diagnosis, management and occupational impact. 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Health. 2017;9(8):1223\u20131234. doi:10.4236\/health.2017.98088"},{"issue":"10","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-683-b13","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"2296","article-title":"High prevalence of self-reported symptoms of digital ischemia in elite male volleyball players in the Netherlands","volume":"40","author":"van de Pol","year":"2012","unstructured":"van de Pol\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Kuijer\n              PP,\n            \n            \n              Langenhorst\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Maas\n              M.\n            \n          \n          High prevalence of self-reported symptoms of digital ischemia in elite male volleyball players in the Netherlands. 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J Vasc Surg. 2016;64(3):e23\u2013e35. doi:10.1016\/j.jvs.2016.04.039"},{"key":"i1938-162X-59-7-683-b19","series-title":"Thoracic Outlet Syndrome","author":"Illig","year":"2013","unstructured":"Illig\n              KA,\n            \n            \n              Thompson\n              RW,\n            \n            \n              Freischlag\n              JA,\n            \n            \n              Donahue\n              DM,\n            \n            \n              Jordan\n              SE,\n            \n            \n              Edgelow\n              PI.\n            \n          \n          \n            Thoracic Outlet Syndrome\n          . Springer London; 2013."},{"key":"i1938-162X-59-7-683-b20","article-title":"Overview of thoracic outlet syndromes. UpToDate","author":"Goshima","year":"2019","unstructured":"Goshima\n              K.\n            \n          \n          Overview of thoracic outlet syndromes. UpToDate. Published 2019. 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