{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T02:00:54Z","timestamp":1780797654352,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The highest incidences of musculoskeletal injuries within the military occur at anatomic regions most affected by jumping and landing, including the knee. Military personnel assigned to Special Operations Forces (SOF) are at particularly high risk of musculoskeletal injury due to occupational demands.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify loading patterns and landing strategies used by SOF personnel during different landing tasks and examine the relationships between knee strength, landing knee mechanics, and shock attenuation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Laboratory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients or Other Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 224 uninjured active-duty male SOF personnel (age = 27.7 \u00b1 5.0 years, height = 176.5 \u00b1 5.7 cm, mass = 83.1 \u00b1 9.1 kg) completed biomechanical analyses of 2 different drop-landing tasks (double-legged drop landing [DLDL] and single-legged drop landing [SLDL]) and isokinetic strength testing of the quadriceps and hamstrings muscles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s)<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peak hip, knee, and ankle angles; hip, knee, and ankle angles at initial ground contact; and peak vertical ground reaction forces (VGRFs) were identified during landing tasks. Maximal voluntary isokinetic knee-extension strength (KES) and knee-flexion strength were also assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants demonstrated greater KES with their dominant limb by a mean of 0.06 N\u00b7m\/kg (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .001, Cohen\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.219) and landed with greater force on the dominant limb during the DLDL by a mean of 19.81% body weight (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001, Cohen\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.377). No asymmetries involving knee kinematics were identified. During the DLDL, both limbs demonstrated similar correlations between knee (peak:\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      range, \u22120.405 to \u22120.342;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001) and ankle (initial ground contact:\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      range, 0.249 to 0.349;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2264 .001 and peak:\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      range, \u22120.300 to \u22120.241;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2264 .002) kinematics and peak VGRF. During the nondominant SLDL, the knee at initial ground contact, peak knee flexion, and peak dorsiflexion were correlated with peak VGRF (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      range, \u22120.404 to \u22120.332;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2264 .002). Peak knee flexion during the nondominant SLDL was correlated with KES (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.262,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .02).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Knee mechanics are important components for shock attenuation, but for this population, factors other than strength likely played a more important role in controlling the mechanics about the knee during landing tasks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0156.25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:52:00Z","timestamp":1770771120000},"page":"392-400","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Loading Patterns During Landing Tasks in Active-Duty Special Operations Forces Personnel"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Tatiana E.","family":"Djafar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Medicine Research Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexa K.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Rehabilitation and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen M.","family":"Poploski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy A.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Medicine Research Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin T.","family":"Cuddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Medicine Research Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connor R.","family":"Whitesel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USS Nimitz (CVN 68), United States Navy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan L.","family":"Sheppard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Marine Forces Special Operations Command, Camp Lejeune, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas R.","family":"Heebner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Medicine Research Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua D.","family":"Winters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Medicine Research Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"i1938-162X-61-6-392-b01","series-title":"Mil Med","first-page":"1106","article-title":"Injury epidemiology of U.S. Army special operations forces","volume":"179","author":"Abt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abt JP,\nSell TC,\nLovalekar MT, et al. Injury epidemiology of U.S. Army special operations forces. Mil Med. 2014;179(10):1106\u20131112. doi:10.7205\/MILMED-D-14-00078"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1938-162X-61-6-392-b02","series-title":"J Spec Oper Med","first-page":"76","article-title":"Clinical diagnoses in a special forces group: the musculoskeletal burden","volume":"8","author":"Lynch","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lynch JH,\nPallis MP. Clinical diagnoses in a special forces group: the musculoskeletal burden. J Spec Oper Med. 2008;8(2):76\u201380."},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"i1938-162X-61-6-392-b03","series-title":"Mil Med","first-page":"e341","article-title":"Physical, physiological, and dietary comparisons between Marine Corps Forces Special Operations Command critical skills operators and enablers","volume":"183","author":"Royer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Royer SD,\nThomas DT,\nWinters JD, et al. Physical, physiological, and dietary comparisons between Marine Corps Forces Special Operations Command critical skills operators and enablers. Mil Med. 2018;183(11\u201312):e341\u2013e347. doi:10.1093\/milmed\/usy049"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-61-6-392-b04","series-title":"Clin J Sport Med","first-page":"3","article-title":"The relationship of hamstrings and quadriceps strength to anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes","volume":"19","author":"Myer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Myer GD,\nFord KR,\nBarber Foss KD,\nLiu C,\nNick TG,\nHewett TE. The relationship of hamstrings and quadriceps strength to anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes. Clin J Sport Med. 2009;19(1):3\u20138. doi:10.1097\/JSM.0b013e318190bddb"},{"key":"i1938-162X-61-6-392-b05","series-title":"Appl Ergon","first-page":"54","article-title":"Lower limb flexion posture relates to energy absorption during drop landings with soldier-relevant body borne loads","volume":"52","author":"Brown","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brown TN,\nO\u2019Donovan M,\nHasselquist L,\nCorner B,\nSchiffman JM. Lower limb flexion posture relates to energy absorption during drop landings with soldier-relevant body borne loads. Appl Ergon. 2016;52:54\u201361. doi:10.1016\/j.apergo.2015.06.004"},{"issue":"6","key":"i1938-162X-61-6-392-b06","series-title":"Int J Exerc Sci","first-page":"1001","article-title":"The relationship between lower-body strength and power, and load carriage tasks: a critical review","volume":"12","author":"Orr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Orr RM,\nDawes JJ,\nLockie RG,\nGodeassi DP. The relationship between lower-body strength and power, and load carriage tasks: a critical review. Int J Exerc Sci. 2019;12(6):1001\u20131022. doi:10.70252\/OVVG8388"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"i1938-162X-61-6-392-b07","series-title":"Am J Prev Med","first-page":"S19","article-title":"A process to identify military injury prevention priorities based on injury type and limited duty days","volume":"38","author":"Ruscio","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ruscio BA,\nJones BH,\nBullock SH, et al. A process to identify military injury prevention priorities based on injury type and limited duty days. Am J Prev Med. 2010;38(suppl 1):S19\u2013S33. doi:10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.10.004"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"i1938-162X-61-6-392-b08","series-title":"Am J Prev Med","first-page":"S61","article-title":"Musculoskeletal injuries description of an under-recognized injury problem among military personnel","volume":"38","author":"Hauret","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hauret KG,\nJones BH,\nBullock SH,\nCanham-Chervak M,\nCanada S. Musculoskeletal injuries description of an under-recognized injury problem among military personnel. Am J Prev Med. 2010;38(suppl 1):S61\u2013S70. doi:10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.10.021"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-61-6-392-b09","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","first-page":"89","article-title":"Bilateral quadriceps strength asymmetry is associated with previous knee injury in military special tactics operators","volume":"33","author":"Eagle","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eagle SR,\nKeenan KA,\nConnaboy C,\nWohleber M,\nSimonson A,\nNindl BC. 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Mil Med. 2014;179(10):1106\u20131112. doi:10.7205\/MILMED-D-14-00078"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1938-162X-61-6-392-b02","series-title":"J Spec Oper Med","first-page":"76","article-title":"Clinical diagnoses in a special forces group: the musculoskeletal burden","volume":"8","author":"Lynch","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lynch JH,\nPallis MP. Clinical diagnoses in a special forces group: the musculoskeletal burden. J Spec Oper Med. 2008;8(2):76\u201380."},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"i1938-162X-61-6-392-b03","series-title":"Mil Med","first-page":"e341","article-title":"Physical, physiological, and dietary comparisons between Marine Corps Forces Special Operations Command critical skills operators and enablers","volume":"183","author":"Royer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Royer SD,\nThomas DT,\nWinters JD, et al. Physical, physiological, and dietary comparisons between Marine Corps Forces Special Operations Command critical skills operators and enablers. Mil Med. 2018;183(11\u201312):e341\u2013e347. doi:10.1093\/milmed\/usy049"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-61-6-392-b04","series-title":"Clin J Sport Med","first-page":"3","article-title":"The relationship of hamstrings and quadriceps strength to anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes","volume":"19","author":"Myer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Myer GD,\nFord KR,\nBarber Foss KD,\nLiu C,\nNick TG,\nHewett TE. The relationship of hamstrings and quadriceps strength to anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes. Clin J Sport Med. 2009;19(1):3\u20138. doi:10.1097\/JSM.0b013e318190bddb"},{"key":"i1938-162X-61-6-392-b05","series-title":"Appl Ergon","first-page":"54","article-title":"Lower limb flexion posture relates to energy absorption during drop landings with soldier-relevant body borne loads","volume":"52","author":"Brown","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brown TN,\nO\u2019Donovan M,\nHasselquist L,\nCorner B,\nSchiffman JM. Lower limb flexion posture relates to energy absorption during drop landings with soldier-relevant body borne loads. Appl Ergon. 2016;52:54\u201361. doi:10.1016\/j.apergo.2015.06.004"},{"issue":"6","key":"i1938-162X-61-6-392-b06","series-title":"Int J Exerc Sci","first-page":"1001","article-title":"The relationship between lower-body strength and power, and load carriage tasks: a critical review","volume":"12","author":"Orr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Orr RM,\nDawes JJ,\nLockie RG,\nGodeassi DP. The relationship between lower-body strength and power, and load carriage tasks: a critical review. Int J Exerc Sci. 2019;12(6):1001\u20131022. doi:10.70252\/OVVG8388"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"i1938-162X-61-6-392-b07","series-title":"Am J Prev Med","first-page":"S19","article-title":"A process to identify military injury prevention priorities based on injury type and limited duty days","volume":"38","author":"Ruscio","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ruscio BA,\nJones BH,\nBullock SH, et al. A process to identify military injury prevention priorities based on injury type and limited duty days. Am J Prev Med. 2010;38(suppl 1):S19\u2013S33. doi:10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.10.004"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"i1938-162X-61-6-392-b08","series-title":"Am J Prev Med","first-page":"S61","article-title":"Musculoskeletal injuries description of an under-recognized injury problem among military personnel","volume":"38","author":"Hauret","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hauret KG,\nJones BH,\nBullock SH,\nCanham-Chervak M,\nCanada S. Musculoskeletal injuries description of an under-recognized injury problem among military personnel. 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