{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T01:54:59Z","timestamp":1773453299262,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although compromised shoulder posture impacts scapular biomechanics, the interplay between shoulder posture and scapular biomechanics during the dynamic pitching motion in high school baseball pitchers remains unexplored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterize the shoulder postures of baseball pitchers and investigate their relationships with scapular biomechanics during pitching.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Descriptive exploratory study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Laboratory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-eight high school baseball pitchers (age = 16.9 \u00b1 0.9 years).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s)<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Shoulder posture was determined by acromial distance (AD), pectoralis minor index (PMI), scapular index (SI), and forward shoulder angle (FSA) in the dominant arm. The scapular kinematics and associated muscle activation (upper trapezius [UT], serratus anterior [SA], lower trapezius, biceps brachii [BB], triceps brachii [TB], anterior deltoid) during pitching were recorded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There was a moderate-to-strong negative correlation between AD and upward rotation (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u20130.47 to \u20130.55,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .01) and a moderate negative correlation between AD and posterior tilt (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u20130.40 to \u20130.44,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .01). Pectoralis minor index and FSA also showed moderate positive correlations with posterior tilt (PMI,\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.37,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .05; FSA,\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.34\u20130.42,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .04). Acromial distance had moderate-to-strong positive correlations with UT, SA, BB, TB, and anterior deltoid activation (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.36 to 0.59,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .03), whereas SI showed moderate negative correlations with UT, BB, and anterior deltoid activation (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u20130.33 to \u20130.40,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .05). Forward shoulder angle displayed a moderate negative correlation with SA and BB activation (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u20130.32 to \u20130.40,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Shoulder posture has significant moderate-to-strong correlations with scapular biomechanics during pitching in high school baseball pitchers. These findings provide a foundation for future research on optimizing shoulder posture to enhance efficient scapular movement patterns. Incorporating posture assessments into routine screenings may allow practitioners to gather valuable biomechanical insights without the need for extensive motion-capture systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0183.25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T08:37:37Z","timestamp":1750235857000},"page":"102-109","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Role of Shoulder Posture in Pitching Mechanics in High School Baseball Pitchers"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Yi-Hsuan","family":"Weng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsun-Shun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiu-Jenq","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Physical Therapy Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b01","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"37","article-title":"Epidemiology of shoulder and elbow injuries among United States high school baseball players: school years 2005\u20132006 through 2014\u20132015","volume":"46","author":"Saper","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saper MG,\nPierpoint LA,\nLiu W,\nComstock RD,\nPolousky JD,\nAndrews JR. Epidemiology of shoulder and elbow injuries among United States high school baseball players: school years 2005\u20132006 through 2014\u20132015. Am J Sports Med. 2018;46(1):37\u201343. doi:10.1177\/0363546517734172"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b02","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"135","article-title":"Physical risk factors for a medial elbow injury in junior baseball players: a prospective cohort study of 353 players","volume":"45","author":"Sakata","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sakata J,\nNakamura E,\nSuzukawa M,\nAkaike A,\nShimizu K. Physical risk factors for a medial elbow injury in junior baseball players: a prospective cohort study of 353 players. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45(1):135\u2013143. doi:10.1177\/0363546516663931"},{"issue":"10","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b03","series-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc","first-page":"3303","article-title":"Prospective multifactorial analysis of preseason risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in high school baseball pitchers","volume":"25","author":"Shitara","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shitara H,\nKobayashi T,\nYamamoto A, et al. Prospective multifactorial analysis of preseason risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in high school baseball pitchers. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2017;25(10):3303\u20133310. doi:10.1007\/s00167-015-3731-4"},{"issue":"8","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b04","series-title":"Arthroscopy","first-page":"1938","article-title":"A number of modifiable and nonmodifiable factors increase the risk for elbow medial ulnar collateral ligament injury in baseball players: a systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Labott","year":"2023","unstructured":"Labott JR,\nLeland DP,\nTill SE, et al. A number of modifiable and nonmodifiable factors increase the risk for elbow medial ulnar collateral ligament injury in baseball players: a systematic review. Arthroscopy. 2023;39(8):1938\u20131949.e1. doi:10.1016\/j.arthro.2022.12.036"},{"issue":"6","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b05","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"1450","article-title":"Anatomic, functional, and mechanical risk factors for elbow injury in the throwing athlete: a prospective cohort study of 128 high school baseball players","volume":"53","author":"Nishi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nishi R,\nOgawa T,\nObokata Y,\nFurushima K,\nKamatani K. Anatomic, functional, and mechanical risk factors for elbow injury in the throwing athlete: a prospective cohort study of 128 high school baseball players. 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The relationship between forward scapular posture and posterior shoulder tightness among baseball players. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38(10):2106\u20132112. doi:10.1177\/0363546510370291"},{"issue":"5","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b18","series-title":"Orthop J Sports Med","first-page":"325967120920556","article-title":"Preseason neck mobility is associated with throwing-related shoulder and elbow injuries, pain, and disability in college baseball pitchers","volume":"8","author":"Devaney","year":"2020","unstructured":"Devaney LL,\nDenegar CR,\nThigpen CA,\nLepley AS,\nEdgar C,\nDiStefano LJ. Preseason neck mobility is associated with throwing-related shoulder and elbow injuries, pain, and disability in college baseball pitchers. 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Effectiveness of an exercise program to improve forward head posture in normal adults: a randomized, controlled 10-week trial. J Man Manip Ther. 2005;13(3):163\u2013176. doi:10.1179\/106698105790824888"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b21","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"265","article-title":"Single-session video and electromyography feedback in overhead athletes with scapular dyskinesis and impingement syndrome","volume":"55","author":"Du","year":"2020","unstructured":"Du WY,\nHuang TS,\nChiu YC, et al. Single-session video and electromyography feedback in overhead athletes with scapular dyskinesis and impingement syndrome. 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Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84(4):563\u2013568. doi:10.1053\/apmr.2003.50087"},{"issue":"6","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b32","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"586","article-title":"A comparative electromyographic analysis of the shoulder during pitching","volume":"15","author":"Gowan","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gowan ID,\nJobe FW,\nTibone JE,\nPerry J,\nMoynes DR. A comparative electromyographic analysis of the shoulder during pitching. Professional versus amateur pitchers. Am J Sports Med. 1987;15(6):586\u2013590. doi:10.1177\/036354658701500611"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b33","series-title":"Exp Physiol","first-page":"312","article-title":"Relationship between neuromuscular fatigue, muscle activation and the work done above the critical power during severe-intensity exercise","volume":"107","author":"Ducrocq","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ducrocq GP,\nBlain GM. Relationship between neuromuscular fatigue, muscle activation and the work done above the critical power during severe-intensity exercise. Exp Physiol. 2022;107(4):312\u2013325. doi:10.1113\/EP090043"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b34","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"982","article-title":"Risk factors for elbow and shoulder injuries in adolescent baseball players: a systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Norton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Norton R,\nHonstad C,\nJoshi R,\nSilvis M,\nChinchilli V,\nDhawan A. Risk factors for elbow and shoulder injuries in adolescent baseball players: a systematic review. Am J Sports Med. 2019;47(4):982\u2013990. doi:10.1177\/0363546518760573"},{"issue":"12","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b35","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"3386","article-title":"Association of pitch timing and throwing arm kinetics in high school and professional pitchers","volume":"49","author":"Manzi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Manzi JE,\nDowling B,\nWang Z, et al. Association of pitch timing and throwing arm kinetics in high school and professional pitchers. Am J Sports Med. 2021;49(12):3386\u20133394. doi:10.1177\/03635465211031853"},{"issue":"7","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b36","series-title":"Sports Biomech","first-page":"2134","article-title":"Relationships between upper trunk rotation kinematics and arm fatigue after repetitive pitching among baseball pitchers","volume":"24","author":"Mine","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mine K,\nJones M,\nSaunders S,\nOnofrio B,\nCrowther RG,\nMilanese S. Relationships between upper trunk rotation kinematics and arm fatigue after repetitive pitching among baseball pitchers. Sports Biomech. 2025;24(7):2134\u20132147. doi:10.1080\/14763141.2024.2431901"},{"issue":"8","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b37","series-title":"Life (Basel)","first-page":"139","article-title":"Effects of kinesiology taping on shoulder posture and peak torque in junior baseball players with rounded shoulder posture: a pilot study","volume":"10","author":"Yun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yun HG,\nLee JH,\nChoi IR. Effects of kinesiology taping on shoulder posture and peak torque in junior baseball players with rounded shoulder posture: a pilot study. Life (Basel). 2020;10(8):139. doi:10.3390\/life10080139"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b38","series-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord","first-page":"105","article-title":"The effect of various therapeutic exercises on forward head posture, rounded shoulder, and hyperkyphosis among people with upper crossed syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Sepehri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sepehri S,\nSheikhhoseini R,\nPiri H,\nSayyadi P. The effect of various therapeutic exercises on forward head posture, rounded shoulder, and hyperkyphosis among people with upper crossed syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2024;25(1):105. doi:10.1186\/s12891-024-07224-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b01","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"37","article-title":"Epidemiology of shoulder and elbow injuries among United States high school baseball players: school years 2005\u20132006 through 2014\u20132015","volume":"46","author":"Saper","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saper MG,\nPierpoint LA,\nLiu W,\nComstock RD,\nPolousky JD,\nAndrews JR. Epidemiology of shoulder and elbow injuries among United States high school baseball players: school years 2005\u20132006 through 2014\u20132015. Am J Sports Med. 2018;46(1):37\u201343. doi:10.1177\/0363546517734172"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b02","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"135","article-title":"Physical risk factors for a medial elbow injury in junior baseball players: a prospective cohort study of 353 players","volume":"45","author":"Sakata","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sakata J,\nNakamura E,\nSuzukawa M,\nAkaike A,\nShimizu K. Physical risk factors for a medial elbow injury in junior baseball players: a prospective cohort study of 353 players. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45(1):135\u2013143. doi:10.1177\/0363546516663931"},{"issue":"10","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b03","series-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc","first-page":"3303","article-title":"Prospective multifactorial analysis of preseason risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in high school baseball pitchers","volume":"25","author":"Shitara","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shitara H,\nKobayashi T,\nYamamoto A, et al. Prospective multifactorial analysis of preseason risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in high school baseball pitchers. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2017;25(10):3303\u20133310. doi:10.1007\/s00167-015-3731-4"},{"issue":"8","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b04","series-title":"Arthroscopy","first-page":"1938","article-title":"A number of modifiable and nonmodifiable factors increase the risk for elbow medial ulnar collateral ligament injury in baseball players: a systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Labott","year":"2023","unstructured":"Labott JR,\nLeland DP,\nTill SE, et al. A number of modifiable and nonmodifiable factors increase the risk for elbow medial ulnar collateral ligament injury in baseball players: a systematic review. Arthroscopy. 2023;39(8):1938\u20131949.e1. doi:10.1016\/j.arthro.2022.12.036"},{"issue":"6","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b05","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"1450","article-title":"Anatomic, functional, and mechanical risk factors for elbow injury in the throwing athlete: a prospective cohort study of 128 high school baseball players","volume":"53","author":"Nishi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nishi R,\nOgawa T,\nObokata Y,\nFurushima K,\nKamatani K. Anatomic, functional, and mechanical risk factors for elbow injury in the throwing athlete: a prospective cohort study of 128 high school baseball players. Am J Sports Med. 2025;53(6):1450\u20131459. doi:10.1177\/03635465251326579"},{"issue":"7","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b06","series-title":"J Phys Ther Sci","first-page":"815","article-title":"Comparison of shoulder muscles activation for shoulder abduction between forward shoulder posture and asymptomatic persons","volume":"25","author":"Yoo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yoo WG. Comparison of shoulder muscles activation for shoulder abduction between forward shoulder posture and asymptomatic persons. J Phys Ther Sci. 2013;25(7):815\u2013816. doi:10.1589\/jpts.25.815"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b07","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"227","article-title":"The effect of long versus short pectoralis minor resting length on scapular kinematics in healthy individuals","volume":"35","author":"Borstad","year":"2005","unstructured":"Borstad JD,\nLudewig PM. The effect of long versus short pectoralis minor resting length on scapular kinematics in healthy individuals. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2005;35(4):227\u2013238. doi:10.2519\/jospt.2005.35.4.227"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b08","series-title":"Sports Med Arthrosc Rev","first-page":"72","article-title":"The biomechanics of throwing: simplified and cogent","volume":"22","author":"Weber","year":"2014","unstructured":"Weber AE,\nKontaxis A,\nO\u2019Brien SJ,\nBedi A. The biomechanics of throwing: simplified and cogent. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2014;22(2):72\u201379. doi:10.1097\/JSA.0000000000000019"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b09","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"402","article-title":"Biomechanics of pitching with emphasis upon shoulder kinematics","volume":"18","author":"Dillman","year":"1993","unstructured":"Dillman CJ,\nFleisig GS,\nAndrews JR. Biomechanics of pitching with emphasis upon shoulder kinematics. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1993;18(2):402\u2013408. doi:10.2519\/jospt.1993.18.2.402"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b10","series-title":"Sports Health","first-page":"135","article-title":"The kinetic chain in overhand pitching: its potential role for performance enhancement and injury prevention","volume":"2","author":"Seroyer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Seroyer ST,\nNho SJ,\nBach BR,\nBush-Joseph CA,\nNicholson GP,\nRomeo AA. The kinetic chain in overhand pitching: its potential role for performance enhancement and injury prevention. Sports Health. 2010;2(2):135\u2013146. doi:10.1177\/1941738110362656"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b11","series-title":"J Sport Health Sci","first-page":"80","article-title":"Baseball pitching kinematics, joint loads, and injury prevention","volume":"1","author":"Oyama","year":"2012","unstructured":"Oyama S. Baseball pitching kinematics, joint loads, and injury prevention. J Sport Health Sci. 2012;1(2):80\u201391. doi:10.1016\/j.jshs.2012.06.004"},{"issue":"11","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b12","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"883","article-title":"Clinical assessment of the scapula: a review of the literature","volume":"48","author":"Struyf","year":"2014","unstructured":"Struyf F,\nNijs J,\nMottram S,\nRoussel NA,\nCools AM,\nMeeusen R. Clinical assessment of the scapula: a review of the literature. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(11):883\u2013890. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091059"},{"key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b13","series-title":"Phys Ther Sport","first-page":"51","article-title":"Clarifying acromial distance: standardisation and association between supine and sitting positions","volume":"36","author":"Temprom","year":"2019","unstructured":"Temprom V,\nSangnon C,\nBoontham P,\nViriyatharakij N. Clarifying acromial distance: standardisation and association between supine and sitting positions. Phys Ther Sport. 2019;36:51\u201354. doi:10.1016\/j.ptsp.2019.01.001"},{"issue":"7","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b14","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1349","article-title":"Scapular positioning in patients with shoulder pain: a study examining the reliability and clinical importance of 3 clinical tests","volume":"86","author":"Nijs","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nijs J,\nRoussel N,\nVermeulen K,\nSouvereyns G. Scapular positioning in patients with shoulder pain: a study examining the reliability and clinical importance of 3 clinical tests. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(7):1349\u20131355. doi:10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.03.021"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b15","series-title":"Phys Ther","first-page":"549","article-title":"Resting position variables at the shoulder: evidence to support a posture-impairment association","volume":"86","author":"Borstad","year":"2006","unstructured":"Borstad JD. Resting position variables at the shoulder: evidence to support a posture-impairment association. Phys Ther. 2006;86(4):549\u2013557."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b16","series-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol","first-page":"701","article-title":"Head and shoulder posture affect scapular mechanics and muscle activity in overhead tasks","volume":"20","author":"Thigpen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thigpen CA,\nPadua DA,\nMichener LA, et al. Head and shoulder posture affect scapular mechanics and muscle activity in overhead tasks. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2010;20(4):701\u2013709. doi:10.1016\/j.jelekin.2009.12.003"},{"issue":"10","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b17","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"2106","article-title":"The relationship between forward scapular posture and posterior shoulder tightness among baseball players","volume":"38","author":"Laudner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Laudner KG,\nMoline MT,\nMeister K. The relationship between forward scapular posture and posterior shoulder tightness among baseball players. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38(10):2106\u20132112. doi:10.1177\/0363546510370291"},{"issue":"5","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b18","series-title":"Orthop J Sports Med","first-page":"325967120920556","article-title":"Preseason neck mobility is associated with throwing-related shoulder and elbow injuries, pain, and disability in college baseball pitchers","volume":"8","author":"Devaney","year":"2020","unstructured":"Devaney LL,\nDenegar CR,\nThigpen CA,\nLepley AS,\nEdgar C,\nDiStefano LJ. Preseason neck mobility is associated with throwing-related shoulder and elbow injuries, pain, and disability in college baseball pitchers. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(5):325967120920556. doi:10.1177\/2325967120920556"},{"issue":"5","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b19","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"903","article-title":"The development and validation of a functional assessment tool for the upper extremity in the overhead athlete","volume":"38","author":"Alberta","year":"2010","unstructured":"Alberta FG,\nElAttrache NS,\nBissell S, et al. The development and validation of a functional assessment tool for the upper extremity in the overhead athlete. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38(5):903\u2013911. doi:10.1177\/0363546509355642"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b20","series-title":"J Man Manip Ther","first-page":"163","article-title":"Effectiveness of an exercise program to improve forward head posture in normal adults: a randomized, controlled 10-week trial","volume":"13","author":"Harman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Harman K,\nHubley-Kozey CL,\nButler H. Effectiveness of an exercise program to improve forward head posture in normal adults: a randomized, controlled 10-week trial. J Man Manip Ther. 2005;13(3):163\u2013176. doi:10.1179\/106698105790824888"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b21","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"265","article-title":"Single-session video and electromyography feedback in overhead athletes with scapular dyskinesis and impingement syndrome","volume":"55","author":"Du","year":"2020","unstructured":"Du WY,\nHuang TS,\nChiu YC, et al. Single-session video and electromyography feedback in overhead athletes with scapular dyskinesis and impingement syndrome. J Athl Train. 2020;55(3):265\u2013273. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-490-18"},{"issue":"7","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b22","series-title":"Sports Med","first-page":"569","article-title":"Shoulder muscle recruitment patterns and related biomechanics during upper extremity sports","volume":"39","author":"Escamilla","year":"2009","unstructured":"Escamilla RF,\nAndrews JR. Shoulder muscle recruitment patterns and related biomechanics during upper extremity sports. Sports Med. 2009;39(7):569\u2013590. doi:10.2165\/00007256-200939070-00004"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b23","series-title":"Scand J Rehabil Med","first-page":"117","article-title":"Activity levels during isometric test contractions of neck and shoulder muscles","volume":"20","author":"Sch\u00fcldt","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcldt K,\nHarms-Ringdahl K. Activity levels during isometric test contractions of neck and shoulder muscles. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1988;20(3):117\u2013127."},{"key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b24","series-title":"Muscles: Testing and Function With Posture and Pain","author":"Kendall","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kendall FP,\nMcCreary EK,\nProvance PG,\nRodgers MM,\nRomani WA. Muscles: Testing and Function With Posture and Pain. 5th rev ed. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2010."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b25","series-title":"Phys Ther","first-page":"276","article-title":"Alterations in shoulder kinematics and associated muscle activity in people with symptoms of shoulder impingement","volume":"80","author":"Ludewig","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ludewig PM,\nCook TM. Alterations in shoulder kinematics and associated muscle activity in people with symptoms of shoulder impingement. Phys Ther. 2000;80(3):276\u2013291."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b26","series-title":"J Biomech","first-page":"981","article-title":"ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate systems of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion\u2013part II: shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand","volume":"38","author":"Wu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wu G,\nvan der Helm FC,\nVeeger HE, et al.; International Society of Biomechanics. ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate systems of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion\u2013part II: shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand. J Biomech. 2005;38(5):981\u2013992. doi:10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.05.042"},{"key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b27","series-title":"J Hum Kinet","first-page":"47","article-title":"Scapula kinematics of youth baseball players","volume":"49","author":"Oliver","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oliver G,\nWeimar W. Scapula kinematics of youth baseball players. J Hum Kinet. 2015;49:47\u201354. doi:10.1515\/hukin-2015-0107"},{"issue":"7","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b28","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"704","article-title":"Hip flexibility and pitching biomechanics in adolescent baseball pitchers","volume":"57","author":"Albiero","year":"2022","unstructured":"Albiero ML,\nKokott W,\nDziuk C,\nCross JA. Hip flexibility and pitching biomechanics in adolescent baseball pitchers. J Athl Train. 2022;57(7):704\u2013710. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-0103.21"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b29","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"271","article-title":"Hip strength and pitching biomechanics in adolescent baseball pitchers","volume":"58","author":"Albiero","year":"2023","unstructured":"Albiero ML,\nKokott W,\nDziuk C,\nCross JA. Hip strength and pitching biomechanics in adolescent baseball pitchers. J Athl Train. 2023;58(3):271\u2013278. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-0074.22"},{"issue":"6","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b30","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"445","article-title":"Relationship of abdominal oblique strength on biomechanics in adolescent baseball pitchers","volume":"60","author":"Eilen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eilen HT,\nKokott W,\nDziuk C,\nCross JA. Relationship of abdominal oblique strength on biomechanics in adolescent baseball pitchers. J Athl Train. 2024:60(6):445\u2013451. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-0195.24"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b31","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"563","article-title":"Effect of sitting posture on 3-dimensional scapular kinematics measured by skin-mounted electromagnetic tracking sensors","volume":"84","author":"Finley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Finley MA,\nLee RY. Effect of sitting posture on 3-dimensional scapular kinematics measured by skin-mounted electromagnetic tracking sensors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84(4):563\u2013568. doi:10.1053\/apmr.2003.50087"},{"issue":"6","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b32","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"586","article-title":"A comparative electromyographic analysis of the shoulder during pitching","volume":"15","author":"Gowan","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gowan ID,\nJobe FW,\nTibone JE,\nPerry J,\nMoynes DR. A comparative electromyographic analysis of the shoulder during pitching. Professional versus amateur pitchers. Am J Sports Med. 1987;15(6):586\u2013590. doi:10.1177\/036354658701500611"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b33","series-title":"Exp Physiol","first-page":"312","article-title":"Relationship between neuromuscular fatigue, muscle activation and the work done above the critical power during severe-intensity exercise","volume":"107","author":"Ducrocq","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ducrocq GP,\nBlain GM. Relationship between neuromuscular fatigue, muscle activation and the work done above the critical power during severe-intensity exercise. Exp Physiol. 2022;107(4):312\u2013325. doi:10.1113\/EP090043"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b34","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"982","article-title":"Risk factors for elbow and shoulder injuries in adolescent baseball players: a systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Norton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Norton R,\nHonstad C,\nJoshi R,\nSilvis M,\nChinchilli V,\nDhawan A. Risk factors for elbow and shoulder injuries in adolescent baseball players: a systematic review. 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Relationships between upper trunk rotation kinematics and arm fatigue after repetitive pitching among baseball pitchers. Sports Biomech. 2025;24(7):2134\u20132147. doi:10.1080\/14763141.2024.2431901"},{"issue":"8","key":"i1938-162X-61-2-102-b37","series-title":"Life (Basel)","first-page":"139","article-title":"Effects of kinesiology taping on shoulder posture and peak torque in junior baseball players with rounded shoulder posture: a pilot study","volume":"10","author":"Yun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yun HG,\nLee JH,\nChoi IR. Effects of kinesiology taping on shoulder posture and peak torque in junior baseball players with rounded shoulder posture: a pilot study. 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