{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:51:59Z","timestamp":1790873519120,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>How different pitching roles affect the risk of arm injury in professional pitchers is currently unclear.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To investigate differences between professional baseball starting and relief pitchers in the hazard of (1) arm injury and (2) elbow and shoulder injury.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Prospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Minor League Baseball (MiLB) from 2013 to 2019.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Patients or Other Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pitchers in MiLB.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s)<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pitchers were followed for the entire MiLB season, and athlete-exposures and injuries were recorded. Risk ratios and risk difference were calculated between starting and relieving MiLB pitchers. A Cox survival analysis was then performed in relation to time to arm injury between starting and relieving MiLB pitchers. Subgroup analyses were conducted for elbow and shoulder injuries.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 297 pitchers were included, with 85\u200a270 player-days recorded. The incidence of arm injuries was 11.4 per 10\u200a000 athlete-exposures. Starting pitchers demonstrated a greater risk ratio (1.2 [95% CI = 1.1, 1.3]), risk difference (13.6 [95% CI = 5.6, 21.6]), and hazard of arm injury (2.4 [95% CI = 1.5, 4.0]) than relief pitchers. No differences were observed for the hazard of elbow injury between starting and relief pitchers (1.9; 95% CI = 0.8, 4.2). Starting pitchers had a greater hazard of shoulder injury than relief pitchers (3.8 [95% CI = 2.0, 7.1]).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Starting pitchers displayed a 2.4 times greater hazard of arm injury than relief pitchers. Subgroup analyses indicated that starters exhibited a greater hazard of shoulder injury than relievers, but no differences occurred for the hazard of elbow injury. However, due to the wide CIs, these subgroup analyses should be interpreted with caution. Clinicians may need to consider cumulative exposure and fatigue and how these factors relate to different pitching roles when assessing the risk of pitching arm injury.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0262.21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T19:30:55Z","timestamp":1623785455000},"page":"65-71","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Hazard of Arm Injury in Professional Starting and Relief Pitchers"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Garrett S.","family":"Bullock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC"},{"name":"Center for sport, Exercise, and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles A.","family":"Thigpen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Carolina, Center for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sciences, Greenville"},{"name":"ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, SC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary S.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel K.","family":"Arden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for sport, Exercise, and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas K.","family":"Noonan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver"},{"name":"University of Colorado Health, Steadman Hawkins Clinic, Englewood"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Kissenberth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville, SC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Shanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Carolina, Center for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sciences, Greenville"},{"name":"ATI Physical Therapy, Greenville, SC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2557","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022011815572350100_i1938-162X-57-1-65-b01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camp\n              CL,\n            \n            \n              Conte\n              S,\n            \n            \n              D'Angelo\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Fealy\n              SA.\n            \n          \n          Epidemiology of ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction in Major and Minor League Baseball pitchers: comprehensive report of 1429 cases.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Shoulder Elbow Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t27(5):\n\t\t\t\t\t871\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t878.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1016\/j.jse.2018.01.024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2018.01.024"},{"key":"2022011815572350100_i1938-162X-57-1-65-b02","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conte\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Requa\n              RK,\n            \n            \n              Garrick\n              JG.\n            \n          \n          Disability days in major league baseball.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Sports Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2001;\n\t\t\t\t\t29(4):\n\t\t\t\t\t431\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t436.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1177\/03635465010290040801","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465010290040801"},{"key":"2022011815572350100_i1938-162X-57-1-65-b03","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conte\n              SA,\n            \n            \n              Fleisig\n              GS,\n            \n            \n              Dines\n              JS,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Prevalence of ulnar collateral ligament surgery in professional baseball players.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Sports Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t43(7):\n\t\t\t\t\t1764\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1769.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1177\/0363546519850560","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546515580792"},{"key":"2022011815572350100_i1938-162X-57-1-65-b04","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knowles\n              SB,\n            \n            \n              Marshall\n              SW,\n            \n            \n              Miller\n              T,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Cost of injuries from a prospective cohort study of North Carolina high school athletes.\n\t\t\t\t\tInj Prevent.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t13(6):\n\t\t\t\t\t416\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t421.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1136\/ip.2006.014720","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2006.014720"},{"key":"2022011815572350100_i1938-162X-57-1-65-b05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shanley\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Kissenberth\n              MJ,\n            \n            \n              Thigpen\n              CA,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Preseason shoulder range of motion screening as a predictor of injury among youth and adolescent baseball pitchers.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Shoulder Elbow Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t24(7):\n\t\t\t\t\t1005\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1013.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1016\/j.jse.2015.03.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2015.03.012"},{"key":"2022011815572350100_i1938-162X-57-1-65-b06","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilk\n              KE,\n            \n            \n              Macrina\n              LC,\n            \n            \n              Fleisig\n              GS,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Deficits in glenohumeral passive range of motion increase risk of elbow injury in professional baseball pitchers: a prospective study.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Sports Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t42(9):\n\t\t\t\t\t2075\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2081.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1177\/0363546514538391","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514538391"},{"key":"2022011815572350100_i1938-162X-57-1-65-b07","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noonan\n              TJ,\n            \n            \n              Thigpen\n              CA,\n            \n            \n              Bailey\n              LB,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Humeral torsion as a risk factor for shoulder and elbow injury in professional baseball pitchers.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Sports Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t44(9):\n\t\t\t\t\t2214\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2219.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1177\/0363546516648438","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546516648438"},{"key":"2022011815572350100_i1938-162X-57-1-65-b08","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bradbury\n              JC,\n            \n            \n              Forman\n              SL.\n            \n          \n          The impact of pitch counts and days of rest on performance among major-league baseball pitchers.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Strength Cond Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t26(5):\n\t\t\t\t\t1181\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1187.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31824e16fe","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31824e16fe"},{"key":"2022011815572350100_i1938-162X-57-1-65-b09","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olsen\n              SJ\n              II,\n            \n            \n              Fleisig\n              GS,\n            \n            \n              Dun\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Loftice\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Andrews\n              JR.\n            \n          \n          Risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in adolescent baseball pitchers.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Sports Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t34(6):\n\t\t\t\t\t905\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t912.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1177\/0363546505284188","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546505284188"},{"key":"2022011815572350100_i1938-162X-57-1-65-b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones\n              KJ,\n            \n            \n              Conte\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Patterson\n              N,\n            \n            \n              ElAttrache\n              NS,\n            \n            \n              Dines\n              JS.\n            \n          \n          Functional outcomes following revision ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction in Major League Baseball pitchers.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Shoulder Elbow Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t22(5):\n\t\t\t\t\t642\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t646.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1016\/j.jse.2013.01.031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2013.01.031"},{"key":"2022011815572350100_i1938-162X-57-1-65-b11","unstructured":"Love\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Aytar\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Bush\n              H,\n            \n            \n              Uhl\n              TL.\n            \n          \n          Descriptive analysis of pitch volume in Southeastern Conference baseball pitchers.\n\t\t\t\t\tN Am J Sport Phys Ther.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t5(4):\n\t\t\t\t\t194\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t200."},{"key":"2022011815572350100_i1938-162X-57-1-65-b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kibler\n              WB,\n            \n            \n              Sciascia\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Moore\n              S.\n            \n          \n          An acute throwing episode decreases shoulder internal rotation.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin Orthop Rel Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t470(6):\n\t\t\t\t\t1545\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1551.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1007\/s11999-011-2217-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-011-2217-z"},{"key":"2022011815572350100_i1938-162X-57-1-65-b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Powell\n              JW,\n            \n            \n              Barber-Foss\n              KD.\n            \n          \n          Sex-related injury patterns among selected high school sports.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Sports Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2000;\n\t\t\t\t\t28(3):\n\t\t\t\t\t385\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t391.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1177\/03635465000280031801","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465000280031801"},{"key":"2022011815572350100_i1938-162X-57-1-65-b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orchard\n              JW,\n            \n            \n              Kountouris\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Sims\n              K.\n            \n          \n          Incidence and prevalence of elite male cricket injuries using updated consensus definitions.\n\t\t\t\t\tOpen Access J Sports Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t7:\n\t\t\t\t\t187\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t194.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.2147\/OAJSM.S117497","DOI":"10.2147\/OAJSM.S117497"},{"key":"2022011815572350100_i1938-162X-57-1-65-b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rauh\n              MJ,\n            \n            \n              Margherita\n              AJ,\n            \n            \n              Rice\n              SG,\n            \n            \n              Koepsell\n              TD,\n            \n            \n              Rivara\n              FP.\n            \n          \n          High school cross country running injuries: a longitudinal study.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin J Sport Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2000;\n\t\t\t\t\t10(2):\n\t\t\t\t\t110\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t116.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1097\/00042752-200004000-00005","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-200004000-00005"},{"key":"2022011815572350100_i1938-162X-57-1-65-b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rae\n              K,\n            \n            \n              Orchard\n              J.\n            \n          \n          The Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) version 10.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin J Sport Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t17(3):\n\t\t\t\t\t201\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t204.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1097\/JSM.0b013e318059b536","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e318059b536"},{"key":"2022011815572350100_i1938-162X-57-1-65-b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orchard\n              JW,\n            \n            \n              Ranson\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Olivier\n              B,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          International consensus statement on injury surveillance in cricket: a 2016 update.\n\t\t\t\t\tBr J Sports Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t50(20):\n\t\t\t\t\t1245\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1251.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096125","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096125"},{"key":"2022011815572350100_i1938-162X-57-1-65-b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takenaga\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Goto\n              H,\n            \n            \n              Sugimoto\n              K,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Left-handed skeletally mature baseball players have smaller humeral retroversion in the throwing arm than right-handed players.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Shoulder Elbow Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t26(12):\n\t\t\t\t\t2187\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2192.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1016\/j.jse.2017.07.014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2017.07.014"},{"key":"2022011815572350100_i1938-162X-57-1-65-b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cerynik\n              DL,\n            \n            \n              Ewald\n              TJ,\n            \n            \n              Sastry\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Amin\n              NH,\n            \n            \n              Liao\n              JG,\n            \n            \n              Tom\n              JA.\n            \n          \n          Outcomes of isolated glenoid labral injuries in professional baseball pitchers.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin J Sport Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t18(3):\n\t\t\t\t\t255\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t258.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1097\/JSM.0b013e318170ae86","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e318170ae86"},{"key":"2022011815572350100_i1938-162X-57-1-65-b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shanley\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Thigpen\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Clark\n              JC,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Changes in passive range of motion and development of glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) in the professional pitching shoulder between spring training in two consecutive years.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Shoulder Elbow Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t21(11):\n\t\t\t\t\t1605\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1612.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1016\/j.jse.2011.11.035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2011.11.035"},{"key":"2022011815572350100_i1938-162X-57-1-65-b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shanley\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Rauh\n              MJ,\n            \n            \n              Michener\n              LA,\n            \n            \n              Ellenbecker\n              TS,\n            \n            \n              Garrison\n              JC,\n            \n            \n              Thigpen\n              CA.\n            \n          \n          Shoulder range of motion measures as risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in high school softball and baseball players.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Sports Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t39(9):\n\t\t\t\t\t1997\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2006.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1177\/0363546511408876","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546511408876"},{"key":"2022011815572350100_i1938-162X-57-1-65-b22","unstructured":"Retrosheet.\n\t\t\t\t\tThe Baseball Cube.\n\t\t\t\t\tAccessed June 1,2021.\n\t\t\t\t\thttp:\/\/thebaseballcube.com\/"},{"key":"2022011815572350100_i1938-162X-57-1-65-b23","unstructured":"Sports Reference.\n\t\t\t\t\tBaseball Reference.\n\t\t\t\t\tAccessed June 1,2021.\n\t\t\t\t\thttps:\/\/www.baseball-reference.com\/"},{"key":"2022011815572350100_i1938-162X-57-1-65-b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shanley\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Bailey\n              L,\n            \n            \n              Sandago\n              MP,\n            \n            \n              Pinkerton\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Singleton\n              SB,\n            \n            \n              Thigpen\n              CA.\n            \n          \n          The use of a pitch count estimator to calculate exposure in collegiate baseball pitchers.\n\t\t\t\t\tPhys Ther Sport.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t16(4):\n\t\t\t\t\t344\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t348.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1016\/j.ptsp.2015.02.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2015.02.002"},{"key":"2022011815572350100_i1938-162X-57-1-65-b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durrleman\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Simon\n              R.\n            \n          \n          Flexible regression models with cubic splines.\n\t\t\t\t\tStats Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t1989;\n\t\t\t\t\t8(5):\n\t\t\t\t\t551\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t561.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1002\/sim.4780080504","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780080504"},{"key":"2022011815572350100_i1938-162X-57-1-65-b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bushnell\n              BD,\n            \n            \n              Anz\n              AW,\n            \n            \n              Noonan\n              TJ,\n            \n            \n              Torry\n              MR,\n            \n            \n              Hawkins\n              RJ.\n            \n          \n          Association of maximum pitch velocity and elbow injury in professional baseball pitchers.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Sports Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t38(4):\n\t\t\t\t\t728\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t732.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1177\/0363546509350067","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509350067"},{"key":"2022011815572350100_i1938-162X-57-1-65-b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whiteside\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Martini\n              DN,\n            \n            \n              Zernicke\n              RF,\n            \n            \n              Goulet\n              GC.\n            \n          \n          Ball speed and release consistency predict pitching success in Major League Baseball.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Strength Cond Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t30(7):\n\t\t\t\t\t1787\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1795.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1519\/JSC.000000000000129","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001296"},{"key":"2022011815572350100_i1938-162X-57-1-65-b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erickson\n              BJ,\n            \n            \n              Sgori\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Chalmers\n              PN,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          The impact of fatigue on baseball pitching mechanics in adolescent male pitchers.\n\t\t\t\t\tArthroscopy2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t32(5):\n\t\t\t\t\t762\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t771.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1016\/j.arthro.2015.11.051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2015.11.051"},{"key":"2022011815572350100_i1938-162X-57-1-65-b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fleisig\n              GS,\n            \n            \n              Andrews\n              JR,\n            \n            \n              Dillman\n              CJ,\n            \n            \n              Escamilla\n              RF.\n            \n          \n          Kinetics of baseball pitching with implications about injury mechanisms.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Sports Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995;\n\t\t\t\t\t23(2):\n\t\t\t\t\t233\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t239.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1177\/036354659502300218","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659502300218"},{"key":"2022011815572350100_i1938-162X-57-1-65-b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Werner\n              SL,\n            \n            \n              Guido\n              JA\n              Jr,\n            \n            \n              Stewart\n              GW,\n            \n            \n              McNeice\n              RP,\n            \n            \n              VanDyke\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Jones\n              DG.\n            \n          \n          Relationships between throwing mechanics and shoulder distraction in collegiate baseball pitchers.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Shoulder Elbow Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t16(1):\n\t\t\t\t\t37\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t42.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1016\/j.jse.2006.05.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2006.05.007"},{"key":"2022011815572350100_i1938-162X-57-1-65-b31","unstructured":"Troiano\n              RP,\n            \n            \n              Frongillo\n              EA\n              Jr,\n            \n            \n              Sobal\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Levitsky\n              DA.\n            \n          \n          The relationship between body weight and mortality: a quantitative analysis of combined information from existing studies.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J Obese Rel Metab Disord.\n\t\t\t\t\t1996;\n\t\t\t\t\t20(1):\n\t\t\t\t\t63\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t75."},{"key":"2022011815572350100_i1938-162X-57-1-65-b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reinold\n              MM,\n            \n            \n              Wilk\n              KE,\n            \n            \n              Macrina\n              LC,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Changes in shoulder and elbow passive range of motion after pitching in professional baseball players.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Sports Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t36(3):\n\t\t\t\t\t523\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t527.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1177\/0363546507308935","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546507308935"}],"container-title":["Journal of Athletic Training"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/57\/1\/65\/3004805\/i1938-162x-57-1-65.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/57\/1\/65\/3004805\/i1938-162x-57-1-65.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T18:49:33Z","timestamp":1749667773000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/attr\/57\/1\/article-p65.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4085\/1062-6050-0262.21","relation":{},"ISSN":["1062-6050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1062-6050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]}}}