{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T03:27:00Z","timestamp":1789702020544,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"\n Context<\/jats:title>\n Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) may affect overhead athletes and contribute to shoulder injury.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To assess data on passive shoulder range of motion (ROM) in young elite swimmers and to determine the prevalence of anatomical and pure GIRD (aGIRD and pGIRD, respectively) in a large sample size of asymptomatic elite swimmers with a new classification method.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n Research laboratory.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Patients or Other Participants<\/jats:title>\n A total of 752 asymptomatic elite swimmers were recruited by voluntary participation (391 males and 361 females; mean age, 15.88 \u00b1 2.31 years). Passive glenohumeral rotational ROM was measured bilaterally to investigate the prevalence of aGIRD and pGIRD. Evaluations were performed with athletes at rest before any training or competition.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcome Measure(s)<\/jats:title>\n Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit and associated aGIRD and pGIRD in elite youth swimmers by identifying a standard classification procedure.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Glenohumeral internal rotation deficits were found in 136 participants (18.1%). Anatomical GIRD was present in 28 cases (3.7%), whereas pGIRD was observed in 108 cases (14.4%). No significant differences were found regarding GIRD between sex, age, age group, years of training, breathing side, and distance. Swimmers with pGIRD showed significantly less dominant internal rotation, total ROM, and external rotation gain (P<\/jats:italic> < .01) than swimmers with aGIRD; conversely, swimmers with aGIRD showed significantly less nondominant internal rotation, external rotation, and total ROM than swimmers with pGIRD (P<\/jats:italic> < .01).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit is a relatively common condition in asymptomatic elite youth swimmers; as to not overestimate this condition, aGIRD and pGIRD have to be distinguished. Although they play a role, the respiratory side, dominant limb, and crawl did not have a significant impact on an elite swimmer with GIRD.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0263.23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,9]],"date-time":"2023-12-09T14:31:23Z","timestamp":1702132283000},"page":"731-737","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit in Young Asymptomatic Elite Swimmers"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Jacopo","family":"Preziosi Standoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology, Legal Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vittorio","family":"Candela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology, Legal Medicine and Orthopaedics, Polo Pontino, Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy"},{"name":"ICOT, Latina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Bonifazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Gumina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology, Legal Medicine and Orthopaedics, Polo Pontino, Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b01","series-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg","first-page":"789","article-title":"The relationship between glenohumeral internal rotational deficits, total range of motion, and shoulder strength in professional baseball pitchers","volume":"23","author":"Amin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Amin\n NH,\n \n \n Ryan\n J,\n \n \n Fening\n SD,\n \n \n Soloff\n L,\n \n \n Schickendantz\n MS,\n \n \n Jones\n M.\n \n \n The relationship between glenohumeral internal rotational deficits, total range of motion, and shoulder strength in professional baseball pitchers. 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Part I: pathoanatomy and biomechanics. Arthroscopy. 2003;19(4):404\u2013420. doi:10.1053\/jars.2003.50128"},{"issue":"5","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b05","series-title":"Arthroscopy","first-page":"531","article-title":"The disabled throwing shoulder: spectrum of pathology. Part II: evaluation and treatment of SLAP lesions in throwers","volume":"19","author":"Burkhart","year":"2003","unstructured":"Burkhart\n SS,\n \n \n Morgan\n CD,\n \n \n Kibler\n WB.\n \n \n The disabled throwing shoulder: spectrum of pathology. Part II: evaluation and treatment of SLAP lesions in throwers. Arthroscopy. 2003;19(5):531\u2013539. doi:10.1053\/jars.2003.50139"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b06","series-title":"Clin Sports Med","first-page":"349","article-title":"Shoulder injuries in competitive swimmers","volume":"18","author":"McMaster","year":"1999","unstructured":"McMaster\n WC.\n \n \n Shoulder injuries in competitive swimmers. 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Orthop Clin North Am. 2000;31(2):247\u2013261. doi:10.1016\/S0030-5898(05)70145-0"},{"issue":"5","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b12","series-title":"Orthop J Sports Med","first-page":"232596711877332","article-title":"Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit and injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Johnson\n JE,\n \n \n Fullmer\n JA,\n \n \n Nielsen\n CM,\n \n \n Johnson\n JK,\n \n \n Moorman\n CT\n III\n \n . Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit and injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(5):232596711877332. doi:10.1177\/2325967118773322"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b13","series-title":"Arthroscopy","first-page":"141","article-title":"The disabled throwing shoulder: spectrum of pathology\u201410-year update","volume":"29","author":"Kibler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kibler\n WB,\n \n \n Kuhn\n JE,\n \n \n Wilk\n K,\n \n et al.\n \n The disabled throwing shoulder: spectrum of pathology\u201410-year update. Arthroscopy. 2013;29(1):141\u2013161. doi:10.1016\/j.arthro.2012.10.009"},{"issue":"5","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b14","series-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"554","article-title":"Current concepts in shoulder examination of the overhead athlete","volume":"8","author":"Manske","year":"2013","unstructured":"Manske\n R,\n \n \n Ellenbecker\n T.\n \n \n Current concepts in shoulder examination of the overhead athlete. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2013;8(5):554\u2013578."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b15","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"2379","article-title":"Deficits in glenohumeral passive range of motion increase risk of shoulder injury in professional baseball pitchers: a prospective study","volume":"43","author":"Wilk","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wilk\n KE,\n \n \n Macrina\n LC,\n \n \n Fleisig\n GS,\n \n et al.\n \n Deficits in glenohumeral passive range of motion increase risk of shoulder injury in professional baseball pitchers: a prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43(10):2379\u20132385. doi:10.1177\/0363546515594380"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b16","series-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med","first-page":"86","article-title":"Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit: prime suspect or innocent bystander","volume":"13","author":"Zajac","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zajac\n JM,\n \n \n Tokish\n JM.\n \n \n Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit: prime suspect or innocent bystander? Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2020;13(1):86\u201395. doi:10.1007\/s12178-020-09603-5"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b17","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"329","article-title":"Correlation of glenohumeral internal rotation deficit and total rotational motion to shoulder injuries in professional baseball pitchers","volume":"39","author":"Wilk","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wilk\n KE,\n \n \n Macrina\n LC,\n \n \n Fleisig\n GS,\n \n et al.\n \n Correlation of glenohumeral internal rotation deficit and total rotational motion to shoulder injuries in professional baseball pitchers. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(2):329\u2013335. doi:10.1177\/0363546510384223"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b18","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"385","article-title":"Glenohumeral range of motion deficits and posterior shoulder tightness in throwers with pathologic internal impingement","volume":"34","author":"Myers","year":"2006","unstructured":"Myers\n JB,\n \n \n Laudner\n KG,\n \n \n Pasquale\n MR,\n \n \n Bradley\n JP,\n \n \n Lephart\n SM.\n \n \n Glenohumeral range of motion deficits and posterior shoulder tightness in throwers with pathologic internal impingement. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34(3):385\u2013391. doi:10.1177\/0363546505281804"},{"issue":"6","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b19","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","first-page":"1586","article-title":"Passive range of motion characteristics in the overhead baseball pitcher and their implications for rehabilitation","volume":"470","author":"Wilk","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wilk\n KE,\n \n \n Macrina\n LC,\n \n \n Arrigo\n C.\n \n \n Passive range of motion characteristics in the overhead baseball pitcher and their implications for rehabilitation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;470(6):1586\u20131594. doi:10.1007\/s11999-012-2265-z"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b20","series-title":"Phys Sportsmed","first-page":"412","article-title":"Risk factors for shoulder pain and injury in swimmers: a critical systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Hill","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hill\n L,\n \n \n Collins\n M,\n \n \n Posthumus\n M.\n \n \n Risk factors for shoulder pain and injury in swimmers: a critical systematic review. Phys Sportsmed. 2015;43(4):412\u2013420. doi:10.1080\/00913847.2015.1077097"},{"issue":"5","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b21","series-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"537","article-title":"Glenohumeral motion deficits: friend or foe","volume":"8","author":"Manske","year":"2013","unstructured":"Manske\n R,\n \n \n Wilk\n KE,\n \n \n Davies\n G,\n \n \n Ellenbecker\n T,\n \n \n Reinold\n M.\n \n \n Glenohumeral motion deficits: friend or foe? 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Sports Health. 2009;1(2):131\u2013136. doi:10.1177\/1941738108331201"},{"issue":"11","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b27","series-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg","first-page":"2375","article-title":"Changes in clinical measures and tissue adaptations in collegiate swimmers across a competitive season","volume":"29","author":"Tate","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tate\n A,\n \n \n Sarver\n J,\n \n \n DiPaola\n L,\n \n \n Yim\n J,\n \n \n Paul\n R,\n \n \n Thomas\n SJ.\n \n \n Changes in clinical measures and tissue adaptations in collegiate swimmers across a competitive season. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2020;29(11):2375\u20132384. doi:10.1016\/j.jse.2020.03.028"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b28","series-title":"Sports Health","first-page":"57","article-title":"Clinical evaluation techniques for injury risk assessment in elite swimmers: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Schlueter","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schlueter\n KR,\n \n \n Pintar\n JA,\n \n \n Wayman\n KJ,\n \n \n Hartel\n LJ,\n \n \n Briggs\n MS.\n \n \n Clinical evaluation techniques for injury risk assessment in elite swimmers: a systematic review. Sports Health. 2021;13(1):57\u201364. doi:10.1177\/1941738120920518"},{"key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b29","series-title":"Sports Med Open","first-page":"27","article-title":"Medical care for swimmers","volume":"2","author":"Khodaee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khodaee\n M,\n \n \n Edelman\n GT,\n \n \n Spittler\n J,\n \n et al.\n \n Medical care for swimmers. Sports Med Open. 2016;2:27. doi:10.1186\/s40798-016-0051-2"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b30","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"454","article-title":"Shoulder strength and range of motion in symptomatic and pain-free elite swimmers","volume":"25","author":"Bak","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bak\n K,\n \n \n Magnusson\n SP.\n \n \n Shoulder strength and range of motion in symptomatic and pain-free elite swimmers. Am J Sports Med. 1997;25(4):454\u2013459. doi:10.1177\/036354659702500407"},{"issue":"6","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b31","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"262","article-title":"Relationship of shoulder flexibility, strength, and endurance to shoulder pain in competitive swimmers","volume":"16","author":"Beach","year":"1992","unstructured":"Beach\n ML,\n \n \n Whitney\n SL,\n \n \n Dickoff-Hoffman\n S.\n \n \n Relationship of shoulder flexibility, strength, and endurance to shoulder pain in competitive swimmers. 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J Athl Train. 2016;51(1):65\u201369. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-51.2.04"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b33","series-title":"Shoulder Elbow","first-page":"285","article-title":"The short-term effect of swimming training load on shoulder rotational range of motion, shoulder joint position sense and pectoralis minor length","volume":"10","author":"Higson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Higson\n E,\n \n \n Herrington\n L,\n \n \n Butler\n C,\n \n \n Horsley\n I.\n \n \n The short-term effect of swimming training load on shoulder rotational range of motion, shoulder joint position sense and pectoralis minor length. Shoulder Elbow. 2018;10(4):285\u2013291. doi:10.1177\/175857321877353930214495"},{"key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b34","series-title":"Phys Ther Sport","first-page":"118","article-title":"The effects of swimming fatigue on shoulder strength, range of motion, joint control, and performance in swimmers","volume":"23","author":"Matthews","year":"2017","unstructured":"Matthews\n MJ,\n \n \n Green\n D,\n \n \n Matthews\n H,\n \n \n Swanwick\n E.\n \n \n The effects of swimming fatigue on shoulder strength, range of motion, joint control, and performance in swimmers. Phys Ther Sport. 2017;23:118\u2013122. doi:10.1016\/j.ptsp.2016.08.011"},{"issue":"5","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b35","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"1017","article-title":"Measurement of glenohumeral internal rotation in asymptomatic tennis players and swimmers","volume":"37","author":"Rangel Torres","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rangel Torres\n R,\n \n \n Ellera Gomes\n JL.\n \n \n Measurement of glenohumeral internal rotation in asymptomatic tennis players and swimmers. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37(5):1017\u20131023. doi:10.1177\/0363546508329544"},{"issue":"11","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b36","series-title":"J Sports Sci","first-page":"1191","article-title":"Glenohumeral joint rotation range of motion in competitive swimmers","volume":"29","author":"Riemann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Riemann\n BL,\n \n \n Witt\n J,\n \n \n Davies\n GJ.\n \n \n Glenohumeral joint rotation range of motion in competitive swimmers. J Sports Sci. 2011;29(11):1191\u20131199. doi:10.1080\/02640414.2011.587441"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b37","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"230","article-title":"Glenohumeral rotation and scapular position adaptations after a single high school female sports season","volume":"44","author":"Thomas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Thomas\n SJ,\n \n \n Swanik\n KA,\n \n \n Swanik\n C,\n \n \n Huxel\n KC.\n \n \n Glenohumeral rotation and scapular position adaptations after a single high school female sports season. J Athl Train. 2009;44(3):230\u2013237. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-44.3.230"},{"key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b38","series-title":"Phys Ther Sport","first-page":"26","article-title":"The reliability of shoulder range of motion measures in competitive swimmers","volume":"21","author":"Walker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Walker\n H,\n \n \n Pizzari\n T,\n \n \n Wajswelner\n H,\n \n et al.\n \n The reliability of shoulder range of motion measures in competitive swimmers. Phys Ther Sport. 2016;21:26\u201330. doi:10.1016\/j.ptsp.2016.03.002"},{"issue":"11","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b39","series-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg","first-page":"1605","article-title":"Changes in passive range of motion and development of glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) in the professional pitching shoulder between spring training in two consecutive years","volume":"21","author":"Shanley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shanley\n E,\n \n \n Thigpen\n CA,\n \n \n Clark\n JC,\n \n et al.\n \n Changes in passive range of motion and development of glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) in the professional pitching shoulder between spring training in two consecutive years. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2012;21(11):1605\u20131612. doi:10.1016\/j.jse.2011.11.035"},{"issue":"17","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b40","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"1327","article-title":"Reduced glenohumeral rotation, external rotation weakness and scapular dyskinesis are risk factors for shoulder injuries among elite male handball players: a prospective cohort study","volume":"48","author":"Clarsen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Clarsen\n B,\n \n \n Bahr\n R,\n \n \n Andersson\n SH,\n \n \n Munk\n R,\n \n \n Myklebust\n G.\n \n \n Reduced glenohumeral rotation, external rotation weakness and scapular dyskinesis are risk factors for shoulder injuries among elite male handball players: a prospective cohort study. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(17):1327\u20131333. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093702"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b41","series-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc","first-page":"67","article-title":"Rotational glenohumeral adaptations are associated with shoulder pathology in professional male handball players","volume":"26","author":"Lubiatowski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lubiatowski\n P,\n \n \n Kaczmarek\n P,\n \n \n Cisowski\n P,\n \n et al.\n \n Rotational glenohumeral adaptations are associated with shoulder pathology in professional male handball players. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2018;26(1):67\u201375. doi:10.1007\/s00167-017-4426-9"},{"issue":"5","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b42","series-title":"J Sci Med Sport","first-page":"469","article-title":"Humeral torsion and shoulder rotation range of motion parameters in elite swimmers","volume":"20","author":"Holt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Holt\n K,\n \n \n Boettcher\n C,\n \n \n Halaki\n M,\n \n \n Ginn\n KA.\n \n \n Humeral torsion and shoulder rotation range of motion parameters in elite swimmers. J Sci Med Sport. 2017;20(5):469\u2013474. doi:10.1016\/j.jsams.2016.10.002"},{"key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b43","series-title":"Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol","first-page":"4","article-title":"Rotational strength, range of motion, and function in people with unaffected shoulders from various stages of life","volume":"1","author":"Roy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Roy\n JS,\n \n \n Macdermid\n JC,\n \n \n Boyd\n KU,\n \n \n Faber\n KJ,\n \n \n Drosdowech\n D,\n \n \n Athwal\n GS.\n \n \n Rotational strength, range of motion, and function in people with unaffected shoulders from various stages of life. Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol. 2009;1:4. doi:10.1186\/1758-2555-1-4"},{"issue":"6","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b44","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"569","article-title":"The normal shoulder during freestyle swimming: an electromyographic and cinematographic analysis of twelve muscles","volume":"19","author":"Pink","year":"1991","unstructured":"Pink\n M,\n \n \n Perry\n J,\n \n \n Browne\n A,\n \n \n Scovazzo\n ML,\n \n \n Kerrigan\n J.\n \n \n The normal shoulder during freestyle swimming: an electromyographic and cinematographic analysis of twelve muscles. Am J Sports Med. 1991;19(6):569\u2013576. doi:10.1177\/036354659101900603"},{"issue":"6","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b45","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"577","article-title":"The painful shoulder during freestyle swimming: an electromyographic cinematographic analysis of twelve muscles","volume":"19","author":"Scovazzo","year":"1991","unstructured":"Scovazzo\n ML,\n \n \n Browne\n A,\n \n \n Pink\n M,\n \n \n Jobe\n FW,\n \n \n Kerrigan\n J.\n \n \n The painful shoulder during freestyle swimming: an electromyographic cinematographic analysis of twelve muscles. Am J Sports Med. 1991;19(6):577\u2013582. doi:10.1177\/036354659101900604"},{"issue":"15","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b46","series-title":"J Biomech","first-page":"3995","article-title":"Upper limb kinematic differences between breathing and non-breathing conditions in front crawl sprint swimming","volume":"48","author":"McCabe","year":"2015","unstructured":"McCabe\n CB,\n \n \n Sanders\n RH,\n \n \n Psycharakis\n SG.\n \n \n Upper limb kinematic differences between breathing and non-breathing conditions in front crawl sprint swimming. J Biomech. 2015;48(15):3995\u20134001. doi:10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.09.01226456423"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b47","series-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"365","article-title":"The effects of a daily stretching protocol on passive glenohumeral internal rotation in overhead throwing collegiate athletes","volume":"7","author":"Aldridge","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aldridge\n R,\n \n \n Guffey\n JS,\n \n \n Whitehead\n MT,\n \n \n Head\n P.\n \n \n The effects of a daily stretching protocol on passive glenohumeral internal rotation in overhead throwing collegiate athletes. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2012;7(4):365\u2013371."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b48","series-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord","first-page":"402","article-title":"Effect of a novel stretching technique on shoulder range of motion in overhead athletes with glenohumeral internal rotation deficits: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Gharisia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gharisia\n O,\n \n \n Lohman\n E,\n \n \n Daher\n N,\n \n \n Eldridge\n A,\n \n \n Shallan\n A,\n \n \n Jaber\n H.\n \n \n Effect of a novel stretching technique on shoulder range of motion in overhead athletes with glenohumeral internal rotation deficits: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2021;22(1):402. doi:10.1186\/s12891-021-04292-8"},{"issue":"5","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b49","series-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg","first-page":"265","article-title":"Posterior capsular contracture of the shoulder","volume":"14","author":"Bach","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bach\n HG,\n \n \n Goldberg\n BA.\n \n \n Posterior capsular contracture of the shoulder. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2006;14(5):265\u2013277. doi:10.5435\/00124635-200605000-00002"},{"issue":"5","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-731-b50","series-title":"Clin J Sport Med","first-page":"386","article-title":"The practical management of swimmer\u2019s painful shoulder: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"20","author":"Bak","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bak\n K.\n \n \n The practical management of swimmer\u2019s painful shoulder: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. 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