{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T21:23:46Z","timestamp":1793049826680,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"\n Context<\/jats:title>\n Shoulder muscles are active during front-crawl swimming to provide propulsion and stabilize the glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joints. Researchers have proposed that fatigue might contribute to altered activation of these muscles and represent a risk factor for injuries. Tensiomyography (TMG) might function as a noninvasive tool to detect changes in contractile measures of the skeletal muscles due to exercise-induced neuromuscular fatigue, though it has not yet been used in the shoulder muscles of swimmers.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To assess the effects of a fatiguing swimming protocol on shoulder muscle TMG measures and isometric strength in competitive swimmers.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n Swimming pool facility.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Patients or Other Participants<\/jats:title>\n A total of 14 young front-crawl competitive swimmers (11 males and 3 females; age = 21 \u00b1 3 years [range, 17\u201326 years], height = 1.78 \u00b1 0.06 m, mass = 73.1 \u00b1 9.2 kg).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcome Measure(s)<\/jats:title>\n Participants completed TMG and isometric strength assessments before and after 30-minute, high-intensity swim training. The TMG assessment was performed on 7 muscles of the shoulder according to front-crawl biomechanics and the applicability of the technique to obtain data, such as time to contraction and muscle-belly radial displacement. Isometric strength was assessed using a digital handheld dynamometer during shoulder flexion, extension, external rotation, and internal rotation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Fatigue induced a smaller radial displacement, mostly observable in latissimus dorsi (\u22121.0 mm; 95% CI = \u22121.7, \u22120.3 mm; P<\/jats:italic> = .007) and pectoralis major muscles (\u22121.4 mm; 95% CI = \u22122.4, \u22120.4 mm; P<\/jats:italic> = .007). Only shoulder extension showed an isometric strength reduction after the fatiguing protocol (\u22120.03 N\/kg; 95% CI = \u22120.05, \u22120.01 N\/kg; F<\/jats:italic>1,13<\/jats:sub> = 4.936; P<\/jats:italic> = .045; \u03b7<\/jats:italic>p<\/jats:sub>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.275).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n This study provides preliminary evidence for the usefulness of TMG to detect fatigue-induced changes in contractile properties of the shoulder muscles in swimmers, in particular the latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0265.23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T12:09:24Z","timestamp":1701173364000},"page":"738-744","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Shoulder Tensiomyography and Isometric Strength in Swimmers Before and After a Fatiguing Protocol"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Alex","family":"Buoite Stella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physiotherapy, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Cargnel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physiotherapy, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Raffini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Mazzari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physiotherapy, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Martini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physiotherapy, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milo\u0161","family":"Aj\u010devi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agostino","family":"Accardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Deodato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physiotherapy, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Murena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physiotherapy, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-738-b01","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"32","article-title":"Swim-training volume and shoulder pain across the life span of the competitive swimmer: a systematic review","volume":"55","author":"Feijen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Feijen\n S,\n \n \n Tate\n A,\n \n \n Kuppens\n K,\n \n \n Claes\n A,\n \n \n Struyf\n F.\n \n \n Swim-training volume and shoulder pain across the life span of the competitive swimmer: a systematic review. 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PLoS One. 2022;17(4):e0266370. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0266370"},{"issue":"11","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-738-b06","series-title":"Sports (Basel)","first-page":"177","article-title":"Muscle asymmetries in the lower limbs of male soccer players: preliminary findings on the association between countermovement jump and tensiomyography","volume":"10","author":"Buoite Stella","year":"2022","unstructured":"Buoite Stella\n A,\n \n \n Galimi\n A,\n \n \n Martini\n M,\n \n \n Di Lenarda\n L,\n \n \n Murena\n L,\n \n \n Deodato\n M.\n \n \n Muscle asymmetries in the lower limbs of male soccer players: preliminary findings on the association between countermovement jump and tensiomyography. 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J Sci Med Sport. 2018;21(2):129\u2013133. doi:10.1016\/j.jsams.2017.06.022"},{"key":"i1938-162X-59-7-738-b27","series-title":"Phys Ther Sport","first-page":"14","article-title":"Biomechanical analysis of the shoulder of swimmers after a maximal effort test","volume":"30","author":"Serenza","year":"2018","unstructured":"Serenza\n FS,\n \n \n Oliveira\n AS,\n \n \n Bedo\n BLS,\n \n et al.\n \n Biomechanical analysis of the shoulder of swimmers after a maximal effort test. Phys Ther Sport. 2018;30:14\u201321. doi:10.1016\/j.ptsp.2017.11.002"},{"issue":"5","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-738-b28","series-title":"J Sci Med Sport","first-page":"376","article-title":"The rotator cuff muscles have a direction specific recruitment pattern during shoulder flexion and extension exercises","volume":"14","author":"Wattanaprakornkul","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wattanaprakornkul\n D,\n \n \n Cathers\n I,\n \n \n Halaki\n M,\n \n \n Ginn\n KA.\n \n \n The rotator cuff muscles have a direction specific recruitment pattern during shoulder flexion and extension exercises. J Sci Med Sport. 2011;14(5):376\u2013382. doi:10.1016\/j.jsams.2011.01.001"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-738-b29","series-title":"J Sports Sci Med","first-page":"51","article-title":"The acute effects of pectoralis major foam ball rolling on shoulder extension range of motion, isometric contraction torque, and muscle stiffness","volume":"22","author":"Reiner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Reiner\n MM,\n \n \n Gabriel\n A,\n \n \n Tilp\n M,\n \n \n Konrad\n A.\n \n \n The acute effects of pectoralis major foam ball rolling on shoulder extension range of motion, isometric contraction torque, and muscle stiffness. J Sports Sci Med. 2023;22(1):51\u201357. doi:10.52082\/jssm.2023.51"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-738-b30","series-title":"Int Biomech","first-page":"68","article-title":"Muscle activity of upper and lower trapezius and serratus anterior during unloaded and maximal loaded shoulder flexion and extension","volume":"4","author":"Wochatz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wochatz\n M,\n \n \n Rabe\n S,\n \n \n Wolter\n M,\n \n \n Engel\n T,\n \n \n Mueller\n S,\n \n \n Mayer\n F.\n \n \n Muscle activity of upper and lower trapezius and serratus anterior during unloaded and maximal loaded shoulder flexion and extension. Int Biomech. 2017;4(2):68\u201376. doi:10.1080\/23335432.2017.1364668"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-59-7-738-b31","series-title":"Sports Med Open","first-page":"19","article-title":"Effect of different types of strength training on swimming performance in competitive swimmers: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Fone","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fone\n L,\n \n \n van den Tillaar\n R.\n \n \n Effect of different types of strength training on swimming performance in competitive swimmers: a systematic review. 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