{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T18:44:49Z","timestamp":1786560289912,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been speculated to prolong concussion recovery; however, the evidence regarding concussion recovery for individuals with ADHD is limited.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To examine the concussion recovery time based on ADHD status, sex, and age.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>High school.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Patients or Other Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Nine hundred and thirty-five (female: n = 382, 40.1%) concussions, including 78 (female: n = 13, 20.0%) self-identified ADHD data, were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s)<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A Poisson regression was used to estimate the return-to-learn and return-to-sport recovery outcomes with 3 predicting variables: ADHD status, sex, and age.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The mean return-to-learn days of the ADHD and non-ADHD groups were 12.86 \u00b1 10.89 (median = 11.0; interquartile range [IQR] = 8.0; 7.0\u201315.25) and 1.43 \u00b1 8.39 (median = 9.0; IQR = 9.0; 6.0\u201314.0), respectively. The mean return-to-sport days of the ADHD and non-ADHD groups were 20.82 \u00b1 15.25 days (median = 17.0; IQR = 9.0; 12.0\u201321.0) and 18.03 \u00b1 11.42 days (median = 15.0; IQR = 10.0; 11.0\u201321.0), respectively. For return-to-learn, ADHD status (risk ratio [RR] = 1.16; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.08, 1.24; P &amp;lt; .001) and female sex (RR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.17; P &amp;lt; .001) were significant variables for longer recovery, whereas age was not (RR = 0.995; 95% CI: 0.98, 1.01; P = .056). For return to sport, ADHD status (RR = 1.17; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.23; P &amp;lt; .001), female sex (RR = 1.07; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.11; P &amp;lt; .001), and younger age (RR = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.96, 0.99; P &amp;lt; .001) were all significant variables for longer recovery.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Health care providers must be aware of the elevated risk of prolonged concussion recovery among high school athletes with ADHD.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0310.24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T17:31:17Z","timestamp":1730395877000},"page":"238-244","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder as a Predictor of Prolonged Functional Recovery From Sports-Related Concussion in High School Athletes"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Kyoko","family":"Shirahata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"* Department of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science, College of Education, University of Hawaii at M\u0101noa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinobu","family":"Nishimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2020 Department of Marketing, College of Business Administration, Toyo University, Bunky\u014d, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong-Soo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2021 Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Kennedy College of Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel A.","family":"Coel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00a7 Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children, Hawaii Pacific Health Medical Group, Honolulu"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00a7 Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children, Hawaii Pacific Health Medical Group, Honolulu"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Troy","family":"Furutani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"* Department of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science, College of Education, University of Hawaii at M\u0101noa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Murata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"* Department of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science, College of Education, University of Hawaii at M\u0101noa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaori","family":"Tamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"* Department of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science, College of Education, University of Hawaii at 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