{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T01:16:51Z","timestamp":1775092611696,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Medial ulnar collateral ligament (MUCL) injuries requiring surgery continue to rise among collegiate baseball players. Whereas external rotation (ER) and internal rotation (IR) strength have been identified as modifiable risk factors, no study has examined isometric scaption (SCAP) strength in an MUCL-injured collegiate baseball population against a matched uninjured cohort, and no studies have normalized these strength data to body mass.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine whether differences exist in normalized isometric SCAP, ER, and IR strength between MUCL-injured and matched uninjured college baseball players.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Physical therapy clinic and athletic training room.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients or Other Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 70 collegiate baseball players participated in this study (35 MUCL injured, 35 uninjured). Injured baseball players were matched by position, throwing arm, total years of baseball participation, year in school, and age at enrollment for players without an MUCL injury. Medial ulnar collateral ligament\u2013injured data were retrieved from a single surgeon database, and we recruited the uninjured group from 2 National Collegiate Athletic Association Divisions I and III baseball programs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s)<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bilateral isometric SCAP, ER, and IR strength normalized to body mass (N\/kg).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Uninjured baseball players demonstrated more body mass\u2013normalized SCAP, ER, and IR strength on the throwing (mean difference = 0.30 N\/kg, 0.34 N\/kg, and 0.68 N\/kg, respectively) and nonthrowing (mean difference = 0.36 N\/kg, 0.32 N\/kg, and 0.58 N\/kg, respectively) arms when compared with players with an MUCL injury (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      value range &lt; .001 to .01) after controlling for body mass index and level of competition.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results demonstrate that MUCL-injured baseball players present with less body mass\u2013normalized SCAP, ER, and IR strength compared with a matched uninjured cohort. Body mass\u2013normalized SCAP, ER, and IR strength should be considered as a variable of interest in player screening for injured athletes returning to sport and uninjured athletes with the goal of reducing future injury risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0357.25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T15:45:30Z","timestamp":1763739930000},"page":"301-308","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Scaption and Rotational Strength Deficits in Collegiate Baseball Athletes With Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury: A Matched Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Claire M.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frankie-Ann","family":"McCauley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Detroit Tigers Baseball Club"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob E.","family":"Vasquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Memorial Hermann\u2019s Rockets Sports Medicine Institute, Houston, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean M.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AdventHealth Research Institute, Sports Med and Rehab, Orlando, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob D.","family":"Jelmini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Memorial Hermann\u2019s Rockets Sports Medicine Institute, Houston, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zachary A.","family":"Gehring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UTHealth Houston McGovern Medical School Orthopedic Surgery, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Craig","family":"Garrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Memorial Hermann\u2019s Rockets Sports Medicine Institute, Houston, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"Conway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UTHealth Houston McGovern Medical School Orthopedic Surgery, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalie L.","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ATI Physical Therapy, Institute for Musculoskeletal Advancement, Downers Grove, IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"i1938-162X-61-4-301-b01","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"2319","article-title":"Elbow injuries in professional baseball: epidemiological findings from the Major League Baseball Injury Surveillance System","volume":"45","author":"Ciccotti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ciccotti MG,\nPollack KM,\nCiccotti MC, et al. Elbow injuries in professional baseball: epidemiological findings from the Major League Baseball Injury Surveillance System. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45(10):2319\u20132328. doi:10.1177\/0363546517706964"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-61-4-301-b02","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"37","article-title":"Epidemiology of shoulder and elbow injuries among United States high school baseball players: school years 2005-2006 through 2014-2015","volume":"46","author":"Saper","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saper MG,\nPierpoint LA,\nLiu W,\nComstock RD,\nPolousky JD,\nAndrews JR. Epidemiology of shoulder and elbow injuries among United States high school baseball players: school years 2005-2006 through 2014-2015. 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Comparison of pitching kinematics between normal-weight and overweight group in high school baseball pitchers. Int J Appl Sports Sci. 2023;35(1):88\u2013100. doi:10.24985\/ijass.2023.35.1.88"},{"issue":"10","key":"i1938-162X-61-4-301-b42","series-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness","first-page":"1358","article-title":"Scapular muscles strength in college baseball players with and without a history of UCL injury","volume":"60","author":"Waldhelm","year":"2020","unstructured":"Waldhelm A,\nFlattmann Z,\nHundley K, et al. Scapular muscles strength in college baseball players with and without a history of UCL injury. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2020;60(10):1358\u20131362. doi:10.23736\/S0022-4707.20.10719-9"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1938-162X-61-4-301-b43","series-title":"can versus empty-can techniques. 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Arthroscopy. 2003;19(6):641\u2013661. doi:10.1016\/s0749-8063(03)00389-x"},{"issue":"5","key":"i1938-162X-61-4-301-b45","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"581","article-title":"The manual muscle examination for rotator cuff strength","volume":"24","author":"Kelly","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kelly BT,\nKadrmas WR,\nSpeer KP. The manual muscle examination for rotator cuff strength. An electromyographic investigation. Am J Sports Med. 1996;24(5):581\u2013588. doi:10.1177\/036354659602400504"},{"issue":"6","key":"i1938-162X-61-4-301-b46","series-title":"Sports Med","first-page":"421","article-title":"Biomechanics of overhand throwing with implications for injuries","volume":"21","author":"Fleisig","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fleisig GS,\nBarrentine SW,\nEscamilla RF,\nAndrews JR. Biomechanics of overhand throwing with implications for injuries. Sports Med. 1996;21(6):421\u2013437. doi:10.2165\/00007256-199621060-00004"},{"issue":"13","key":"i1938-162X-61-4-301-b47","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"3030","article-title":"The relationship of throwing arm mechanics and elbow varus torque: within-subject variation for professional baseball pitchers across 82,000 throws","volume":"45","author":"Camp","year":"2017","unstructured":"Camp CL,\nTubbs TG,\nFleisig GS, et al. The relationship of throwing arm mechanics and elbow varus torque: within-subject variation for professional baseball pitchers across 82,000 throws. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45(13):3030\u20133035. doi:10.1177\/0363546517719047"},{"key":"i1938-162X-61-4-301-b48","series-title":"A Compendium of Isokinetics in Clinical Usage","author":"Davies","year":"1992","unstructured":"Davies GD. A Compendium of Isokinetics in Clinical Usage. 4th ed. 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A number of modifiable and nonmodifiable factors increase the risk for elbow medial ulnar collateral ligament injury in baseball players: a systematic review. Arthroscopy. 2023;39(8):1938\u20131949.e1. doi:10.1016\/j.arthro.2022.12.036"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-61-4-301-b08","series-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg","first-page":"186","article-title":"Risk factors for ulnar collateral ligament injury in professional and amateur baseball players: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Reiman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reiman MP,\nWalker MD,\nPeters S,\nKilborn E,\nThigpen CA,\nGarrigues GE. Risk factors for ulnar collateral ligament injury in professional and amateur baseball players: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2019;28(1):186\u2013195. doi:10.1016\/j.jse.2018.08.018"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-61-4-301-b09","series-title":"J ISAKOS","first-page":"41","article-title":"Increased pitch velocity and workload are common risk factors for ulnar collateral ligament injury in baseball players: a systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Coughlin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Coughlin RP,\nLee Y,\nHorner NS,\nSimunovic N,\nCadet ER,\nAyeni OR. Increased pitch velocity and workload are common risk factors for ulnar collateral ligament injury in baseball players: a systematic review. J ISAKOS. 2019;4(1):41\u201347. doi:10.1136\/jisakos-2018-000226"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1938-162X-61-4-301-b10","series-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med","first-page":"155","article-title":"Step by step guide to understanding the kinetic chain concept in the overhead athlete","volume":"13","author":"Ellenbecker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ellenbecker TS,\nAoki R. 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Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2012;20(1):16\u201321. doi:10.1097\/JSA.0b013e31823a021f"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-61-4-301-b13","series-title":"Orthop J Sports Med","first-page":"23259671211065025","article-title":"Differences in shoulder internal rotation strength between baseball players with ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction and healthy controls","volume":"10","author":"Kennedy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kennedy SM,\nSheedy P,\nKlein B, et al. Differences in shoulder internal rotation strength between baseball players with ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction and healthy controls. 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Am J Sports Med. 2008;36(11):2173\u20132178. doi:10.1177\/0363546508319049"},{"issue":"8","key":"i1938-162X-61-4-301-b22","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"1993","article-title":"Risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in high school baseball pitchers: the role of preseason strength and range of motion","volume":"42","author":"Tyler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tyler TF,\nMullaney MJ,\nMirabella MR,\nNicholas SJ,\nMcHugh MP. Risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in high school baseball pitchers: the role of preseason strength and range of motion. Am J Sports Med. 2014;42(8):1993\u20131999. doi:10.1177\/0363546514535070"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1938-162X-61-4-301-b23","series-title":"J Sports Rehabil","first-page":"311","article-title":"The effects of anthropometric scaling parameters on normalized muscle strength in uninjured baseball pitchers","volume":"20","author":"Hurd","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hurd WJ,\nMorrey BF,\nKaufman KR. 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Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2018;13(5):819\u2013827."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1938-162X-61-4-301-b36","series-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"1080","article-title":"Correlation between the Kerlan\u2010Jobe Orthopedic Clinic screen and subacromial impingement test\u2010item cluster in collegiate baseball pitchers: a pilot study","volume":"15","author":"Rich","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rich A,\nStickley L. Correlation between the Kerlan\u2010Jobe Orthopedic Clinic screen and subacromial impingement test\u2010item cluster in collegiate baseball pitchers: a pilot study. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2020;15(6):1080\u20131089. doi:10.26603\/ijspt20201080"},{"issue":"12","key":"i1938-162X-61-4-301-b37","series-title":"Sports Biomech","first-page":"3430","article-title":"Usage and acceptability of data normalization in baseball pitching","volume":"23","author":"Giordano","year":"2024","unstructured":"Giordano KA,\nBarrack AJ,\nMurrah WM,\nKarduna AR,\nMichener LA,\nWasserberger KW. 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