{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T15:00:25Z","timestamp":1775660425395,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Context<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sport specialization is a popular trend among youth athletes that has been associated with an increased risk for developing lower extremity overuse injuries. Early ice hockey specialization may contribute to the high rates of noncontact and overuse hip and groin injuries in collegiate ice hockey athletes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine the effects of high, moderate, and low levels of sport specialization on subjective hip and groin dysfunction in collegiate ice hockey athletes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective cohort study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were collected during the midseason of the 2018\u20132019 hockey season at a local ice hockey arena.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients or Other Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III and club ice hockey players from Midwestern college programs (n = 187; 81 women, 106 men).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s)<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants were stratified into high-, moderate-, and low-specialization groups based on ice hockey participation before grade 9 of high school. The 6 subscales of the Hip and Groin Outcome Score questionnaire were used to assess current subjective hip and groin dysfunction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The high-specialization group had lower scores than the low-specialization group on the Symptoms (P = .001), Pain (P = .003), Activities of Daily Living (P = .001), Sport and Recreation (P = .014), and Quality of Life (P = .002) subscales. The moderate-specialization group had lower scores than the low-specialization group on the Symptoms (P = .015) and Activities of Daily Living (P = .006) subscales.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Collegiate ice hockey athletes who were highly specialized before high school reported greater current hip and groin pain, symptoms, and dysfunction during activities of daily living and sport and recreation and lower current hip- and groin-related quality of life compared with low-specialization ice hockey athletes. Early ice hockey specialization may be detrimental to hip and groin function in collegiate ice hockey athletes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0375-19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]],"date-time":"2020-02-07T19:10:56Z","timestamp":1581102656000},"page":"232-237","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Early Sport Specialization and Subjective Hip and Groin Dysfunction in Collegiate Ice Hockey Athletes"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Marisa","family":"Sheppard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Portage College, Lac La Biche, AB, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jim","family":"Nicknair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Adrian College, MI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Goetschius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Adrian College, MI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2020060414105629200_i1062-6050-55-3-232-b01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325967118771676","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967118771676","article-title":"Epidemiology of hip and groin injuries in collegiate athletes in the United States","volume":"6","author":"Kerbel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060414105629200_i1062-6050-55-3-232-b02","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325967116632692","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967116632692","article-title":"The epidemiology of hip\/groin injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association men's and women's ice hockey: 2009\u20132010 through 2014\u20132015 academic years","volume":"4","author":"Dalton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2020060414105629200_i1062-6050-55-3-232-b03","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-176-17","article-title":"The first decade of web-based sports injury surveillance: descriptive epidemiology of injuries in US high school boys' ice hockey (2008\u20132009 through 2013\u20132014) and National Collegiate Athletic Association men's and women's ice hockey (2004\u20132005 through 2013\u20132014)","volume":"53","author":"Lynall","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"2020060414105629200_i1062-6050-55-3-232-b04","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29S","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546511414012","article-title":"\u201cAt-risk\u201d positioning and hip biomechanics of the Peewee ice hockey sprint start","volume":"39","author":"Stull","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020060414105629200_i1062-6050-55-3-232-b05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513483448","article-title":"Prevalence of increased alpha angles as a measure of cam-type femoroacetabular impingement in youth ice hockey players","volume":"41","author":"Philippon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060414105629200_i1062-6050-55-3-232-b06","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738112464626","article-title":"Sports specialization in young athletes: evidence-based recommendations","volume":"5","author":"Jayanthi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020060414105629200_i1062-6050-55-3-232-b07","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325967118769836","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967118769836","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of youth club athletes toward sport specialization and sport participation","volume":"6","author":"Brooks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060414105629200_i1062-6050-55-3-232-b08","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325967116644241","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967116644241","article-title":"AOSSM early sport specialization consensus statement","volume":"4","author":"LaPrade","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060414105629200_i1062-6050-55-3-232-b09","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20162148","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-2148","article-title":"Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness. 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