{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T03:57:10Z","timestamp":1784087830803,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"\n Context<\/jats:title>\n Quadriceps strength is a key outcome for guiding rehabilitation and return to sport-specific activities after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) surgery.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n (1) Describe the quadriceps-strength\u2013testing practices and barriers college athletic trainers (ATs) are using and experiencing when returning patients to sport-specific activities after ACLR. (2) Compare testing methods between college ATs working in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I setting and other college settings.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n Online survey.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Patients or Other Participants<\/jats:title>\n Two hundred forty-three full-time collegiate ATs who had primarily overseen\/directed an ACLR rehabilitation in the past 5 years (age = 34.8 \u00b1 10.7 years, length of AT practice = 11.7 \u00b1 9.3 years, NCAA Division I setting = 56%).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcome Measure(s)<\/jats:title>\n Our survey included 4 sections: demographics, general ACLR rehabilitation practices, quadriceps-strength\u2013testing methods and criteria, and quadriceps-strength\u2013<\/jats:bold>testing barriers.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Knee-muscle strength was the most common (98%) outcome collegiate ATs used when determining whether an ACLR patient is ready to progress to sport-specific activities. Manual muscle testing was the most used testing method (57%), followed by isokinetic dynamometry (IKD) (48%), repetition maximum testing (35%) and handheld dynamometry (22%). Most ATs (63%\u201364%) used greater than 90% side-to-side symmetry as their return to sport-specific activities criterion. Lack of equipment needed (83%), lack of financial means (28%), and lack of training\/education (20%) were the barriers that most limited ATs use of IKD testing, the gold standard testing method. Compared with ATs in other settings, a greater proportion of ATs working in the NCAA Division I setting used IKD testing (65% vs 28%) and a smaller proportion used manual muscle testing (47% vs 70%).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Although almost all college ATs considered knee-muscle strength an important outcome to assess when returning patients to sport-specific activities after ACLR, quadriceps-strength\u2013<\/jats:bold>testing practices were highly variable among ATs and may be affected by access to necessary resources.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0378.24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T09:10:32Z","timestamp":1729069832000},"page":"111-118","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Quadriceps-Strength\u2013Testing Practices and Barriers During Return to Sport After ACL Reconstruction: A Survey of College Athletic Trainers"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Reagan","family":"Sellers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Professions, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kylie","family":"Brincks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Professions, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Kuenze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Goetschius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Professions, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"issue":"24","key":"i1938-162X-60-2-111-b01","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"2341","article-title":"Anterior cruciate ligament tear","volume":"380","author":"Musahl","year":"2019","unstructured":"Musahl\n V,\n \n \n Karlsson\n J.\n \n \n Anterior cruciate ligament tear. 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J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2012;42(7):601\u2013614. doi:10.2519\/jospt.2012.3871"},{"issue":"12","key":"i1938-162X-60-2-111-b27","series-title":"Arthroscopy","first-page":"1697","article-title":"Factors used to determine return to unrestricted sports activities after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction","volume":"27","author":"Barber-Westin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Barber-Westin\n SD,\n \n \n Noyes\n FR.\n \n \n Factors used to determine return to unrestricted sports activities after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 2011;27(12):1697\u20131705. doi:10.1016\/j.arthro.2011.09.009"},{"issue":"9","key":"i1938-162X-60-2-111-b28","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"750","article-title":"The impact of quadriceps femoris strength asymmetry on functional performance at return to sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction","volume":"42","author":"Schmitt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schmitt\n LC,\n \n \n Paterno\n MV,\n \n \n Hewett\n TE.\n \n \n The impact of quadriceps femoris strength asymmetry on functional performance at return to sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2012;42(9):750\u2013759. doi:10.2519\/jospt.2012.4194"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-60-2-111-b29","series-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol)","first-page":"56","article-title":"The effect of insufficient quadriceps strength on gait after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction","volume":"17","author":"Lewek","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lewek\n M,\n \n \n Rudolph\n K,\n \n \n Axe\n M,\n \n \n Snyder-Mackler\n L.\n \n \n The effect of insufficient quadriceps strength on gait after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Clin Biomech (Bristol). 2002;17(1):56\u201363. doi:10.1016\/S0268-0033(01)00097-3"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1938-162X-60-2-111-b30","series-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)","first-page":"386","article-title":"Association of quadriceps strength symmetry and surgical status with clinical osteoarthritis five years after anterior cruciate ligament rupture","volume":"74","author":"Arhos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arhos\n EK,\n \n \n Thoma\n LM,\n \n \n Grindem\n H,\n \n \n Logerstedt\n D,\n \n \n Risberg\n MA,\n \n \n Snyder\u2010Mackler\n L.\n \n \n Association of quadriceps strength symmetry and surgical status with clinical osteoarthritis five years after anterior cruciate ligament rupture. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2022;74(3):386\u2013391. doi:10.1002\/acr.24479"},{"key":"i1938-162X-60-2-111-b31","article-title":"Board of Certification for the Athletic Trainer","author":"BOC certified AT demographics","unstructured":"BOC certified AT demographics\n . Board of Certification for the Athletic Trainer. April 2024. 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